RESPIRATORY

• What are the session learning outcomes for the respiratory system study?

  Explore structure, function, and gas transport
• What is the role of the larynx in the respiratory system?

  It marks the start of the lower respiratory tract
• Where does air flow after entering the nostril?

  Into the oropharynx
• What is the function of mucous membranes and cilia in the respiratory tract?

  They trap and move particles out of the airways
• What happens to the epiglottis during swallowing?

  It closes to prevent food entering the trachea
• What prevents compression in the lower respiratory tract?

  Cartilaginous rings
• What does the trachea branch into?

  Right and left main bronchus
• Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

  In the alveoli
• What are the characteristics of alveoli that facilitate gas exchange?

  • Large surface area
  • One cell thick
  • Moist cell walls with surfactant
  • Permeable
  • Extensive blood supply (capillary beds)
  • Large concentration gradient
• What does the pulmonary artery do?

  Brings deoxygenated blood into the lungs
• How does oxygen diffuse in the respiratory system?

  From the lungs into the pulmonary vein
• What is the percentage of oxygen in the air?

  21%
• How do gases move during alveolar gas exchange?

  From high concentration to low concentration
• What are the two ways oxygen is transported in the blood?

  In haemoglobin and blood plasma
• How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

  In plasma, with haemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions
• What happens when carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells?

  It combines with water to form carbonic acid
• What role does carbonic anhydrase play in carbon dioxide transport?

  It helps form carbonic acid from CO2 and water
• What happens to bicarbonate ions in the blood?

  They diffuse into plasma from red blood cells
• What is the primary stimulus for breathing in a healthy person?

  The need to rid itself of carbon dioxide
• What are the mechanisms of ventilation in the lungs?

  • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles involved
  • Atmospheric pressure: 760 mm Hg
  • Intra-alveolar pressure: 758 mm Hg
  • Inspiration: diaphragm moves down, intercostal muscles move up
  • Expiration: diaphragm moves up, intercostal muscles move down
• What happens to intra-alveolar pressure during inspiration?

  It drops from 760 mm Hg to 758 mm Hg
• What occurs during expiration in the respiratory system?

  Diaphragm moves up, air rich in CO2 rushes out
• What is the role of central chemoreceptors?

  They detect changes in CO2 and pH levels
• Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

  In carotid and aortic bodies
• What happens when CO2 levels increase in the body?

  Respiratory rate and depth of breathing increase
• What is the effect of hypoxia on blood flow?

  Blood flow is directed to kidneys and brain
• What is the summary of chemoreceptors' functions?

  • Central chemoreceptors in medulla monitor CO2 and pH
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies monitor O2, CO2, and pH
  • Afferent impulses sent to medulla
  • Efferent impulses trigger inspiratory muscle contraction
• Who are the authors of the referenced textbook on anatomy and physiology?

  Scanlon and Sanders
• What edition of the textbook is referenced?

  8th edition
• What is the publisher of the referenced textbook?

  1. A. Davis Company
• What is the significance of the diaphragm in breathing?

  It separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
• How do intercostal muscles assist in breathing?

  They help expand and contract the chest cavity
• How do the roles of central and peripheral chemoreceptors differ?

  Central chemoreceptors monitor CO2, peripheral monitor O2
• What is the start of the lower respiratory tract?

  Larynx
• What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

  • Nose
  • Nasal passage
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
• What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?

  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchus
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
• What does the epiglottis do during swallowing?

  Closes to prevent food entering the respiratory tract
• Where does air flow after entering the nostril?

  Oropharynx
• What is the function of the larynx?

  Allows air to flow in and out of trachea
• What prevents compression in the trachea?

  Cartilaginous rings