S1

• Empirical formula 


  The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound 
• Relative atomic mass


  mass that is measured in comparison to the carbon-12 isotope
• Relative formula mass


  The sum of the relative atomic mass of each element in the compound
• Molar mass


  a total of the atomic masses of all atoms that are present in a given compound
• Molecular formula


  shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a moleucle of the substance
• Avogadro’s constant


  the number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a substance, equal to 6.023 × 10^23
• Weak acid


  acid dissociates/ionises partially/incompletely in water. 
• atomic number


  number of protons
• mass number / atomic mass


  sum of protons and neutrons
• isotopes

  Atoms with the same number of protons(and electrons) but different numbers of neutrons

  isotopes have same chemical property, but different physical property
• electromagnetic spectrum


  the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends
• emission spectra

  the range of wavelengths emitted by an atom or compound stimulated by either heat or electric current
• Heisenberg's uncertainty principle


  it is impossible to state the exact position of an electron at a precise moment in time
• Aufbau principle


  electrons fill the lowest available energy levels before filling higher level
• Hund's rule


  if two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons will occupy them singly before filling them in pairs
• Pauli's exclusion principle


  no two electrons can have the same four electronic quantum numbers

  = each orbital can only contain a maximum of two electrons
• First ionization energy


  energy required to remove one electron from an atom
• Chromatography


  Rf = distance moved by solute/distance moved by solvent
• A = mass number = protons and neutron

  Z = atomic number = protons

  
• elemental entity


  any particle or group of specified particles (atom, electron, ion, molecule etc)
• molecule 


  two or more atoms bonded together, a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
• theoretical yield


  the maximum expected amount of products formed based on the stoichiometry ratios from the balanced chemical equation
• experimental yield


  the actual amount of product formed when the reaction is carried out by a scientist
• standard solution


  a solution of known concentraion
• avogadro's law

  at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of particles
• allotropes 

  different forms of an element in the same physical state
• spectroscopy


  the study of the absorption and emission of light and other radiation by matter
• aqueous solution


  Solutions in which water is the solvent
• Radioisotopes

  radioactive isotopes that are unstable because of the numbers of subatomic particles they contain in their nuclei. Because of their instability, they emit various forms of radiation that can be used for different purposes
• degenerate orbitals


  The atomic orbitals within the same sublevel are of equal energy
• Filtration involves the separation of an insoluble solid from a liquid or solution
• Evaporation is used to separate a mixture which has a solute dissolved in a solvent which is usually water
• Solvation involves the separation of a heterogeneous mixture of two solids based on differences in solubility if one of the substances is soluble in a solvent, but the other solid is insoluble
• Distillation involves the separation of a liquid mixture based on the difference in volatility or boiling points between the components of the mixture
• Paper chromatography is used to separate a mixture of solutes in a solvent. The mixture to be separated is first dissolved in a solvent
• Recrystallisation is a separation technique used to remove impurities that are mixed in with a solid
• deposition


  the change of state from gas directly to solid
• sublimation


  When anything solid turns into a gas without first becoming liquid
• concentration


  amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent
• atom economy


  measure of desired useful products formed from reactants in a chemical reaction (生成物の中の何%が特定のproductなのかを示す）