organic chemistry

• What is the empirical formula?


  The simplest whole number ratio of atoms
• What does the molecular formula represent?


  The true number of atoms in a compound
• What is a general formula in organic chemistry?

  It applies to all members of a homologous series
• What does a structural formula show?


  The structural arrangement of atoms within a molecule
• What is the purpose of a displayed formula?


  It shows every atom and every bond in a compound
• What does a skeletal formula illustrate?


  It shows only the bonds and non-carbon atoms
• What is a homologous series?


  A series of compounds with a general formula
• How do members of a homologous series differ?


  Each differs by CH2
• What happens to boiling points in a homologous series?

  Boiling points increase as chain length increases
• What do reaction mechanisms show?

  The movement of electrons within a reaction
• What do you do if the first atoms attached to the C=C bond are the same?

  Look at the second atoms attached
• What are the types of formulas used in organic chemistry?

  • Empirical Formula
  • Molecular Formula
  • General Formula
  • Structural Formula
  • Displayed Formula
  • Skeletal Formula
• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  A mixture of different hydrocarbons
• How does fractional distillation separate crude oil?

  By different boiling points of hydrocarbons

  
• What are the steps involved in fractional distillation of crude oil?

  1. Mixture is vaporized and fed into the column
  2. Vapors rise, cool, and condense
  3. Products are siphoned off for different uses

  
• Where are products with short carbon chains collected in the fractionating column?

  At the top of the column
• Why do products with long carbon chains condense at the bottom of the column?

  They have higher boiling points
• What happens to the compounds collected from the fractionating column?

  They are broken down via cracking
• What do pollutants from crude oil contribute to?

  Global warming, acid rain, health issues
• What is the purpose of cracking in hydrocarbons?

  To break down longer carbon chains
• What are the two main types of cracking?

  1. Thermal Cracking
  2. Catalytic Cracking
• What conditions are used in thermal cracking?

  High temperatures and pressures
• What does catalytic cracking produce?

  Aromatic compounds with carbon rings
• What is required for catalytic cracking besides lower temperatures?

  A zeolite catalyst
• Why are alkanes considered good fuels?

  They release a lot of energy when burned
• What products are formed during complete combustion of alkanes?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• What happens during incomplete combustion of alkanes?

  Carbon monoxide is produced
• What is a toxic product of alkane combustion?

  Carbon monoxide
• What can incomplete combustion produce besides carbon monoxide?

  Carbon particulates
• What health issues can carbon particulates cause?

  Serious respiratory problems
• What type of hydrocarbons are alkenes?

  Unsaturated hydrocarbons
• How can bromine water be used in organic chemistry?

  To identify double bonds in compounds
• What color change indicates the presence of a double bond when using bromine water?

  From orange-brown to colourless
• What is produced as a result of elimination reactions?

  A carbon-carbon double bond (alkene)
• What does ozone in the atmosphere absorb?

  UV radiation
• What do CFCs do in the atmosphere?

  Absorb UV radiation and break down bonds
• What reagent is used to identify 1° and 2° alcohols?

  Acidified potassium dichromate
• What is produced when an alkene reacts with sulphuric acid?

  Ethyl hydrogensulphate
• What color change indicates the presence of 1° or 2° alcohols?

  Orange to green
• What are addition polymers derived from?

  Alkenes