prosocial behaviour

• What is prosocial behaviour?

  Voluntary actions to help others
• What are examples of prosocial behaviour?

  Altruism, charity, cooperation, sharing
• What did Skinner suggest about helping behaviours?

  They are influenced by culture and environment
• How do we attribute good deeds in society?

  To inner dispositions when external causes are unclear
• What happened to Kitty Genovese in 1964?

  She was attacked and murdered
• What was the response of Kitty Genovese's neighbors during the attack?

  They watched but did not intervene
• What is the Bystander Effect?

  Less responsibility taken as bystanders increase
• What did Kitty Genovese's case lead to in the U.S.?

  The universal 911 emergency number
• What did Bill Genovese claim about his sister's cries for help?

  They were not ignored by everyone
• What did the New York Times report about Kitty Genovese's case?

  It falsely reported that her cries were ignored
• What is the first step in helping during an emergency?

  Noticing the emergency
• What is Bystander Apathy?

  Unlikely to help when preoccupied
• What did Darley & Batson's study reveal about helping behaviour?

  Hurrying decreases awareness of emergencies
• What happens in ambiguous situations regarding helping behaviour?

  People look to others for guidance
• What is Pluralistic Ignorance?

  Not recognizing an emergency due to others' calmness
• What did Latane & Darley's smoke experiment demonstrate?

  People are less likely to report emergencies in groups
• What is the third step in helping during an emergency?

  Taking responsibility to provide help
• What is social loafing?

  Diffusion of responsibility in a crowd
• What is the fourth step in helping during an emergency?

  Knowing how to help
• What is the fifth step in helping during an emergency?

  Making the decision to help
• What factors influence variations in prosocial behaviour?

  Empathy, personality, age, gender, ideology
• How does empathy relate to prosocial behaviour?

  Empathy is positively associated with helping
• What did Eisenberg et al. find about altruistic personality?

  There is evidence for an altruistic personality
• How does age affect prosocial behaviour?

  Prosocial behaviour increases with age
• How do gender differences manifest in prosocial behaviour?

  Women show higher empathy and helping rates
• How does political ideology influence prosocial behaviour?

  Conservatives are less 'other regarding' than liberals
• Why is understanding prosocial behaviour useful?

  Links to crime, healthcare, and management
• What are the five steps to helping in an emergency?

  1. Noticing the emergency
  2. Interpreting the situation as an emergency
  3. Taking responsibility for providing help
  4. Knowing how to help
  5. Making the decision to help
• What are the factors that influence prosocial behaviour?

  • Empathy
  • Personality
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Political Ideology
• What are the implications of understanding prosocial behaviour?

  • Links with crime and criminology
  • Aids in healthcare management
  • Enhances team management skills
  • Improves training in medical education
• What is the bystander effect?

  Diffusion of responsibility in emergencies
• What does the 5 step model by Darley & Latané (1968) describe?

  Process of intervention in emergencies
• What emotional state do we experience in effective empathy?

  Another's emotional state
• How do positive emotions affect prosocial behavior?

  They increase the likelihood of helping
• What is the relationship between aggression and prosocial behavior?

  Aggression decreases prosocial behavior
• What genetic component is associated with positive affect?

  Genetic variance
• What did Lockwood et al. (2014) find about empathy?

  It is positively associated with prosocial behavior
• How does age affect prosocial behaviors?

  They increase with age
• How do women differ from men in terms of empathy?

  Women express higher levels of empathy
• What is the impact of helper-recipient similarity on helping behavior?

  It may threaten the recipient's self-esteem