2.3

• Implicit memory: retention independent of conscious recollection; memories located in basal ganglia and cerebellum (muscle memory)

  • Procedural memory: the recollection of how to do repetitive everyday tasks
  • Riding a bike, tying a shoe, driving a car
• Explicit memory: memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

  • Episodic memories: recall of personal facts and events
  • Semantic memories: recall of external knowledge
• Prospective memory: remembering to perform actions in the future
• Long-term potentiation: an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
• Multi-store memory: suggests our memories are processed through three distinct storage systems: sensory memory, short-term/working memory, and long-term memory
• Sensory memory: processing everything we sense; limited in duration and capacity; brief and almost immediately replaced with new information

  • Iconic memory: fleeting visual images
  • Echoic memory: auditory signals
• Short-term memory: activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
• Long-term memory: the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

  • includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
• Encoding: getting information in and prepared for storage
• Stoarge: keeping information (rehersal)
• Retrieval: get information back (recall)
• automatic processing: unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information such as word definitions
• Effortful processing: encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
• Shallow processing: simple memorization of something without attaching meaning to it

  • Structural encoding: involves using physical and visual characteristics to encode information (appearance of words (length))
  • Phonemic encoding: focuses on the sound of words to distinguish one from another
• Deep processing: involves elaborative rehearsal along with meaningful analysis of the ideas and words being learned

  • Semantic encoding: involves converting sensory input into long-term memories by associating new information with existing knowledge and experiences