pathology

• What is the focus of pathophysiology?

  Changes to normal processes and underlying mechanisms
• What is a key example of an underlying pathophysiological process?

  Innate tissue healing response
• What are the three lines of defence in the immune system?

  1. First line: Mechanical barriers (skin, mucus)
  2. Second line: Inflammation, phagocytosis
  3. Third line: Acquired immunity (antibodies)
• How is inflammation characterized in terms of its response?

  It is a normal, non-specific defence mechanism
• What suffix is used to denote disorders related to inflammation?

  'itis'
• What role do signs and symptoms play in inflammation?

  They serve as warnings for a problem
• What does the inflammatory response do to tissue injury?

  It reduces injury to tissues
• In which type of tissue does inflammation occur?

  In vascularized tissue
• How quickly does the inflammatory response activate after damage?

  Within seconds of damage occurring
• What does the inflammatory response depend on?

  Activity of cellular and chemical components
• What are some causes of inflammation?

  • Direct physical damage
  • Allergic reactions
  • Foreign bodies
  • Infection
  • Caustic chemicals (e.g., burns)
• What are the phases of inflammation?

  1. Vascular phase: Increased blood flow
  2. Increased capillary permeability: Redness and swelling
  3. Attraction of leukocytes: Tenderness
  4. Systemic response: Fever and pain
• What happens during the first phase of inflammation?

  Arterioles dilate, increasing blood flow
• What is the result of increased capillary permeability in inflammation?

  Fluid release leads to redness and swelling
• What is the role of leukocytes in inflammation?

  They migrate to the injury site
• What systemic response can occur due to inflammation?

  Fever affecting the body as a whole
• What are the systemic effects of inflammation?

  • Mild fever (pyrexia)
  • Malaise (feeling unwell)
  • Fatigue
  • Headaches
  • Poor appetite
• What are the outcomes of inflammation?

  1. Resolution: Tissue returns to normal
  2. Regeneration: Identical tissue replication
  3. Replacement: Scar tissue formation
• What characterizes chronic inflammation?

  Follows acute inflammation if the agent remains
• What are the features of chronic inflammation?

  More lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts
• How do acute and chronic inflammation differ?

  Acute:

  • Self-limiting, short duration
  • Local symptoms: heat, swelling, redness, pain

  
  

  Chronic:

  • Lasts longer than 2 weeks
  • Often follows unsuccessful acute response
  • Characterized by pus formation and incomplete healing
• What is the duration of acute inflammation?

  Minor cases resolve in days to weeks
• What is a characteristic of chronic inflammation?

  Pus formation and incomplete wound healing
• What is a common knee pathology associated with ligament injury?

  ACL rupture
• What condition is characterized by pain in the anterior knee?

  Anterior knee pain
• What does "osteo" refer to in osteoarthritis?

  Bone
• What does "itis" signify in medical terminology?

  Injury or inflammation
• What is osteoarthritis primarily affecting?

  Synovial joints and articular cartilage
• How is osteoarthritis described in terms of its progression?

  Chronic progressive condition with flare-ups
• What are common symptoms of osteoarthritis?

  Pain, stiffness, and swelling of the joint
• What does narrowing of joint space indicate in osteoarthritis?

  Degeneration of articular cartilage
• What are the changes to the synovial joint in osteoarthritis?

  1. Thinning and impairment of articular cartilage
  2. Synovial membrane inflammation and thickening
  3. Thinner or excess synovial fluid
  4. Changes to subchondral bone, including osteophytes
• What is a common risk factor for osteoarthritis related to age?

  Older population over 50 years
• What causes thinning of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis?

  Renewal does not keep pace with breakdown
• What is the role of synovial fluid in joint movement?

  Provides lubrication for smooth movement
• What is the capsular pattern of restriction in the knee?

  • Limitation of pain and movement in a specific ratio
  • Flexion is restricted first, then extension
• What is a common symptom of degenerative arthritis (DA)?

  Deep achy pain
• What is a typical sign of joint stiffness in DA?

  Stiffness after immobility or in the morning
• What is a common management strategy for osteoarthritis?

  Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for osteoarthritis?

  • Therapeutic exercise
  • Manual therapy
  • Hydrotherapy
  • Weight management
  • Education and advice