4.3.1 Measures of development

• What is economic development?

  Measures social and economic progress
• What is the Human development index?

  • Broad composite measure of improvements in people lives
  • Calculated through a geometric mean of GDP per capita, life expectancy at birth and the average between mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling  
• What does the human development index consist of?

  • GDP per capita
  • Health
  • Education 
• What are advantages to the HDI?

  • Broader measure than GDP per capita
  • It is used to make comparisons of development between countries
  • Essential contributors
  • Live a long and healthy life
  • To acquire knowledge 
  • To have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living
• What are disadvantages to the HDI?

  • It is too narrow as it only compromises three aspects of development
  • It is an average measure and so disguises disparities and inequalities within countries
  • It is only concerned with long term development outcomes 
• What are limitations of the HDI?

  • Gender inequality
  • Income and wealth inequality
  • Political freedoms
  • Sustainable development
  • Quality of education
  • Year of healthy life expectancy 
• How can gender inequality be measured?

  • Gender wage gap
  • Education disparities
  • Healthcare disparities
  • Female labour force participation
  • Political representation
  • Access to credit
• What are causes of gender inequality?

  • Traditional norms and stereotypes
  • Limited access to education
  • Economic disparities
  • Healthcare disparities
  • Conflict and displacement
• What are factors to think of when deciding whether economic growth inevitably leads to an improvement in economic development?

  • Risk of corruption 
  • Rising income and wealth inequality
  • Threats to environment
  • Investment may dominate consumption
• What is the relationship with urbanisation and economic development?

  • Industrialisation and productivity:
  • Urban areas tend to be hubs of industrial and commercial activities
  • Agricultural efficiency: 
  • Urbanisation can lead to a shift from agrarian based economies to more efficient agricultural practices
  • Human capital accumulation:
  • Cities and urban areas typically offer more education and skill building opportunities
• What is the relationship between the fertility rate and economic development?

  • Limited access to education
  • Limited access to healthcare
  • Economic dependence on children
  • Lack of women's empowerment
• What is the relationship between youth employment and development?

  • Limited job opportunities
  • Lack of economic diversification
  • Limited access to education
  • Youth population growth
• Where is child labour more prevalent?

  Low income counties

  • Poverty
  • Limited access to education
• What do the sustainable development goals aim to address?

  • Poverty
  • Inequality
  • Climate change
  • Environmental degradation
  • Peace
  • Justice