Specific Review

• What are diuretics commonly known as?

  Water pills
• What is the primary function of diuretics?

  To increase urine output
• How do loop diuretics work?

  They inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter
• What is an example of a loop diuretic?

  Furosemide
• What do thiazide diuretics inhibit?

  Reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions
• What is an example of a thiazide diuretic?

  Hydrochlorothiazide
• What is the action of potassium-sparing diuretics?

  They antagonize aldosterone actions
• What is an example of a potassium-sparing diuretic?

  Aldactone (spironolactone)
• What do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors block?

  The action of carbonic anhydrase
• What is an example of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor?

  Acetazolamide
• What is the effect of acetazolamide on urine?

  It produces alkaline urine
• How do osmotic diuretics function?

  They create an osmotic force pulling water
• What is an example of an osmotic diuretic?

  Mannitol
• What nursing consideration is important when prescribing two types of diuretics?

  • Use the lowest doses of both types
  • More effective than a large dose of one
• What is an analgesic?

  A drug that relieves pain
• What is acute pain characterized by?

  Sudden onset, less than 6 months
• What defines chronic pain?

  Persistent or recurring pain for 6 months or more
• What are the subclasses of analgesics?

  • Natural opium alkaloids
  • Semi-synthetic opiates
  • Synthetic opioids
• What is the strongest opioid analgesic?

  Morphine
• How do opioids act?

  As agonists of mu and kappa receptors
• What is a common side effect of opioid analgesics?

  Sedation
• What is a danger sign of opioid toxicity?

  Respiratory depression
• What should be monitored when administering opioids?

  Respiratory rate
• What do NSAIDs inhibit?

  COX-1 or COX-2 enzymes
• What does COX-1 do?

  Protects stomach lining
• What does COX-2 trigger?

  Pain and inflammation
• What is an example of a non-selective NSAID?

  Ibuprofen
• How can GI bleeding risk be minimized with NSAIDs?

  Administer with meals
• What does black, tarry stool indicate?

  GI bleeding
• What is acetylsalicylic acid used for?

  To prevent thrombosis
• Who should avoid acetylsalicylic acid?

  Patients with liver problems
• What is acetaminophen used for?

  Analgesic and antipyretic
• What can occur after acetaminophen administration?

  Liver damage
• What are antibiotics used for?

  To treat infections
• What is the goal of antibiotics?

  To reduce invading bacteria
• How are antibiotics classified?

  1. Site of action
  2. Type of action
  3. Spectrum

  
• What are bacteriostatic antibiotics?

  They inhibit bacterial growth

  
• What are bactericidal antibiotics?

  They kill bacteria

  
• What is the mechanism of action for beta-lactam antibiotics?

  Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

  
• What is an example of a beta-lactam antibiotic?

  Penicillin