Protien sythesis

• How are the components of ATP arranged to facilitate energy storage and transfer?

  • Adenine base provides specificity
  • Ribose sugar forms the backbone structure
  • Three phosphate groups form high-energy bonds for energy transfer

  
• What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

  DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by adding complementary bases to the template strand.

  
• In which direction does DNA polymerase synthesize new strands?

  5' to 3' direction

  
• Describe the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation.

  • tRNA collects amino acids from the cytoplasm
  • Carries amino acids to the ribosome
  • Single-stranded molecule
  • Has a binding site at one end for only one type of amino acid
  • Has a triplet of bases at the other end
• How are amino acids joined in translation?

  1. Amino acids attached to two tRNA molecules join by a peptide bond
  2. tRNA molecules detach themselves, leaving amino acids behind
• What happens to DNA during transcription?

  • The double helix uncoils and hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break
  • The two strands separate
• Which DNA strand is used as a template by RNA polymerase in transcription?

  The antisense strand
• What are the key components involved in DNA replication?

  • DNA template
  • New bases
  • Enzymes (e.g., DNA polymerase)

  
• What holds the two strands of DNA together?

  Hydrogen bonds between bases

  
• What does the image illustrate about the process of DNA replication?

  • Two DNA strands separate
  • New bases are added to each template strand
  • Two identical DNA molecules are created

  
• What marks the end of protein synthesis in translation?

  Reaching a stop codon on mRNA
• What are the non-coding sections of DNA called?

  • Introns
• How is ATP produced during photosynthesis and respiration?

  By condensation of ADP and inorganic phosphate catalysed by ATP synthase
• What are the key components involved in translation?

  mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes
• What are the two types of nucleic acids?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• What information does DNA hold?

  Genetic information
• What are the components of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

  • Ribose sugar
  • Adenine base
  • Three phosphate groups
• What occurs when ATP is hydrolysed?

  Energy is released, forming ADP and a phosphate molecule
• What occurs during translation?

  Amino acids join together to form a polypeptide chain