relationships

• What is the need for affiliation according to McClelland (1961)?

  To create harmonious relationships and be accepted
• What did Schachter's (1959) electric shock study demonstrate about affiliation?

  People prefer to wait with others when anxious
• What were the two conditions in Schachter's study regarding anxiety levels?

  High anxiety with expected pain and low anxiety
• What percentage of participants in high anxiety wanted to be together?

  63%
• What percentage of participants in low anxiety wanted to be together?

  33%
• What is the adaptive value of affiliation, especially when anxious?

  It helps reduce anxiety and provides support
• According to Duck (1988; 2007), when are people more affiliative?

  In anxious situations or during transitions
• What does Schachter's shared-stress model suggest?

  Being with others helps reduce anxiety
• What does social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954) explain?

  We learn about ourselves through comparisons
• What are the two kinds of love identified by Hatfield & Walster (1981)?

  Passionate love and companionate love
• What characterizes passionate love?

  Intense emotions and physical attraction
• What characterizes companionate love?

  Less intense, friendliness, and deep attachment
• What are the three components of Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?

  Intimacy, passion, and commitment
• What does intimacy refer to in Sternberg’s theory?

  Closeness, connectedness, and bond
• What does passion refer to in Sternberg’s theory?

  Drives, physical attraction, and sexual consummation
• What does commitment refer to in Sternberg’s theory?

  The commitment to maintain that love
• What did Langlois et al. (2000) find about physical attractiveness?

  More attractive people are judged more positively
• What stereotype is associated with attractiveness?

  Beautiful is good/socially skilled stereotype
• What does the 'beauty bias' suggest?

  Attractiveness increases our own perceived value
• What did Langlois (1986) find about attractive children and adults?

  They are judged more positively than unattractive ones
• What does frequent contact lead to in relationships?

  Increased familiarity and connection
• Why is physical location important in relationships?

  Lack of proximity makes sustaining relationships difficult
• What did Festinger, Schachter & Back (1950) find about proximity?

  Frequent contact increases familiarity
• What is a predictor of longevity and marital satisfaction according to Duck (1992)?

  Similarity in interests and beliefs
• What do men typically seek in partners according to Buss (1989)?

  Youth, beauty, and domestic skills
• What do women typically seek in partners according to Buss (1989)?

  Resources and stability
• What does the Matching Hypothesis suggest?

  People seek partners with similar social desirability
• What is the importance of mutual liking in relationships?

  It is required to deepen relationships
• What happens if someone likes everybody?

  They are less likely to be seen as special
• What is the role of reciprocity in relationships?

  It is important in all types of relationships
• What did Karney & Bradbury (1995) find about predictors of a good relationship?

  No single predictor guarantees a good relationship
• What factors did Huston (2009) identify as important in relationships?

  Domestic partnership, sex, friendship, social network
• What are some factors that contribute to relationship breakdown?

  Early marriage, lower SES, and parental divorce
• What did Gottman et al. (1998) identify as predictors of divorce?

  Criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling
• How do unhappy couples typically attribute responsibility for negative events?

  To their partner rather than themselves
• What is a common outcome related to infidelity in relationships?

  Increased blame and negative outcomes
• What does the complexity of relationships suggest about love?

  Love is not experienced the same by everyone