1. Introduction

• How many types of cold environment are there ?

  3
• What are the 3 types of cold environment?

  Polar, alpine, and periglacial
• How often do ice ages occur?

  Roughly every 200-250 million years
• The pleistocene and holocene are part of the __________ period

  Quaternary
• When did the pleistocene last from?

  Roughly 2 million years ago - 10,000 years ago
• How long has the holocene lasted?

  Roughly 10,000 years ago - now
• The holocene can be described as an ___ ___ without _________ ___

  An ice age without extensive ice
• Short term cold periods are called….

  Stadials
• Short term warmer periods are called…

  Interstadials
• Which ice age has left the best evidence of glacial landforms?

  The Devensian ice age
• When do scientists think the Devensian ice was at its maximum?

  18,000 years ago
• Where did the Devensian ice reach in Britain during the maximum?

  The Bristol Channel
• How much of the earth was covered by ice during the Devensian maximum?

  30% (only 10% today)
• How long have modern humans been around for?

  Roughly 120,000 years
• What is the Cryosphere?

  Parts of the earth that experiences temperatures below 0°c for part of the year
• What are the two main landmasses in the Cryosphere?

  Antarctica and Greenland
• What is the Cryosphere made up of?

  Ice sheets, permafrost and glaciers
• What effect helps to regulate the earths temperatur?

  The albedo effect
• The albedo effect is an example of ________ _________

  Negative Feedback
• What are the 4 types of glaciers?

  Alpine, Polar, Marine and Periglacial