self- report techniques

• What are self-report techniques in research?

  • Methods for individuals to express opinions
  • Include questionnaires and interviews
• What is the purpose of questionnaires in self-report techniques?

  To assess thoughts or experiences through questions.
• What is the difference between open and closed questions in questionnaires?

  Open questions allow free responses; closed restrict answers.
• What type of data do open questions collect?

  Qualitative data.
• What is a strength of open questions in questionnaires?

  They provide rich depth and detail.
• What is a limitation of open questions in questionnaires?

  Difficult to convert to statistical data.
• What type of data do closed questions collect?

  Quantitative data.
• What is a strength of closed questions in questionnaires?

  Easy to analyze and compare data.
• What is a limitation of closed questions in questionnaires?

  They lack depth and detail.
• What is a Likert scale?

  A scale indicating agreement with a statement.
• What is a rating scale used for in questionnaires?

  To identify strength of feeling about a topic.
• What is a fixed choice scale in questionnaires?

  A list of options for respondents to select.
• What is a strength of questionnaires in research?

  They gather large amounts of data quickly.
• What is a limitation of questionnaires regarding target population?

  Hard to know who answered online surveys.
• What is a challenge in assessing the validity of questionnaires?

  Social desirability bias may affect responses.
• What is participant bias in questionnaires?

  Bias from factors like age or gender.
• What is response bias in questionnaires?

  Participants agree with all questions without thought.
• What are the strengths and limitations of questionnaires?

  Strengths:

  • Cost-effective
  • Gathers large data quickly
  • Easy to analyze
  • Anonymous responses encourage honesty

  
  

  Limitations:

  • Unknown target population responses
  • Time-consuming to design
  • Validity issues due to biases
• What are the types of self-report techniques?

  • Questionnaires: Written questions for responses
  • Interviews: Live encounters for responses
• What are the types of questions in questionnaires?

  • Open Questions: Free responses, qualitative data
  • Closed Questions: Fixed responses, quantitative data
• What is an interview in research?

  A self-report where participants answer questions
• What is the primary purpose of interviews?

  To collect thoughts, feelings, and opinions
• How is an interview typically conducted?

  One-to-one process, in-person or remote
• When might a researcher choose to use interviews?

  To understand feelings about specific issues
• What characterizes a structured interview?

  Pre-prepared questions and strict adherence to script
• What is a limitation of structured interviews?

  Predetermined questions may be restrictive
• How do structured interviews minimize researcher effect?

  By requiring adherence to a standard script
• What is a key feature of unstructured interviews?

  No pre-prepared set of questions
• How do unstructured interviews differ from structured interviews?

  They allow for open-ended responses and flexibility
• Why are unstructured interviews also called narrative interviews?

  Participants tell their stories freely
• How can the researcher’s objectivity be compromised in unstructured interviews?

  By becoming too close to the participant
• What is essential for designing interviews?

  Face-to-face communication between researcher and participant
• What does the interview schedule determine?

  The nature and number of questions asked
• Why is establishing rapport important before an interview?

  To make the participant feel relaxed and trusted
• What should participants be informed about before the interview?

  Right to withdraw and confidentiality
• What methods can researchers use to record participant responses?

  Written notes or audio/visual equipment
• What must researchers ensure about their questions during an interview?

  Questions must be clear, coherent, and on-topic
• What is a questionnaire?

  A self-report tool for collecting data
• How should researchers treat participants during interviews?

  Without judgment and ensuring comfort
• What types of questions can questionnaires include?

  Closed, open, or a combination of both