SELMAN

• Selman proposed 5 levels of perspective taking:

  • ego centric
  • social informational
  • self reflective
  • mutual
  • social and conventional
• What is egocentric?


  Ages 3-6: children can only d distinguished themselves physically and cannot recognise psychological differences between themselves and others.

  e.g. three mountains task.
• What is social informational?

  Ages 6-8: children began to understand that people have different perspectives.
• What us self reflective?

  Ages 8-10: the child can take on another person's perspective that compared to their own perspective.
• What is mutual?


  Ages 10-12: the child can understand other people have different views based on their different beliefs.

  e.g. euthanasia
• What is social and conventional?

  Ages 12+: the adolescent understands different viewpoints can be the source of conflict.

  e.g. abortion debate.
• Holly and the kitten

  Someone presents children different ages with personal dilemmas

  Holly falls from a tree and is told by her father not to climb trees anymore

  She is then face with a quandry when her friend's cat gets stuck in a tree and only she can rescue it.