Equilibria 1

• What is equilibrium in chemical reactions?

  A balance between two opposing reactions
• How do reactions proceed at equilibrium?

  In both forward and reverse direction
• What is maintained at equilibrium in terms of concentration?

  Constant concentration of reactants and products
• Why must haemoglobin be in the ferrous state?

  To carry oxygen effectively
• What does the Povidone-Iodine antiseptic do?

  Increases solubility and prolongs release
• According to Brønsted–Lowry theory, what is a base?

  A substance that accepts a proton (H+)
• What is formed when ammonia reacts with hydrochloric acid?

  A salt (ammonium chloride)
• What is the nature of CH3COO- and NH4+ in solution?

  CH3COO- is basic; NH4+ is acidic
• What is the significance of salts formed from acid-base reactions?

  They yield salt and water
• What are many drugs classified as in terms of acid-base properties?

  Weak organic acids or bases
• What is the role of the N in acidic drugs?

  It is part of the amide group
• How does ionization state affect drug properties?

  It affects solubility and absorption
• What factors influence the extent of ionization of weak acids and bases?

  Dissociation constant (Ka) and pH
• What is the dissociation constant of an acid called?

  Acidity constant (Ka)
• What is the relationship between pKa and acid strength?

  Low pKa indicates high acid strength
• What is the dissociation constant of a base called?

  Basicity constant (Kb)
• What is the ionization product of water (Kw)?

  Kw = $10^{-14}$
• How can pKa be calculated from Ka?

  pKa = -log(Ka)
• How does the ionization state affect drug formulation properties?

  It affects solubility and absorption
• What is the relationship between pKa and pKb?

  pKa + pKb = 14
• What does the term "weak organic acids" refer to in pharmacy?

  Acids that partially ionize in solution
• What does the term "weak organic bases" refer to in pharmacy?

  Bases that partially ionize in solution
• What is the significance of the N in acidic drugs?

  It can stabilize or destabilize protons
• How do acidic and basic drugs differ in their chemical structure?

  Acids donate protons; bases accept protons
• What is the role of electronegative groups in acidic drugs?

  They can destabilize protons, aiding donation
• What is the importance of understanding acid-base equilibria in pharmacy?

  It affects drug formulation and efficacy
• How does the structure of a drug influence its acid-base properties?

  Functional groups determine ionization behavior
• What is the significance of the dissociation constant in acid-base chemistry?

  It indicates the strength of an acid or base
• How does the ionization of drugs affect their absorption in the body?

  Ionization affects solubility and permeability
• What is the relationship between drug solubility and its ionization state?

  Ionized drugs are generally more soluble
• What is the role of pH in drug formulation?

  pH influences drug ionization and stability
• Why is it important to know the pKa of a drug?

  It helps predict drug behavior in the body
• How can the pKa of a drug influence its therapeutic use?

  It affects absorption and distribution in the body
• What is the significance of the ionization product of water (Kw)?

  It allows conversion between pKa and pKb
• What does a low pKb indicate about a base?

  It indicates increased basic strength
• What is the relationship between pKa and drug formulation?

  pKa influences solubility and stability of drugs
• How does the structure of a drug affect its acid-base properties?

  Functional groups determine its ionization behavior
• What is the significance of weak organic acids and bases in pharmacy?

  They are common in drug formulations
• What is the importance of understanding acid-base equilibria in drug design?

  It helps optimize drug efficacy and safety
• How does the ionization state of a drug affect its therapeutic action?

  It influences absorption and distribution