muscles

• What is the primary function of muscle?

  Locomotion and protein source
• How can dysfunction in other systems manifest in muscle disease?

  As clinical signs of muscle disease
• What are myocytes also known as?

  Muscle fibers
• What surrounds myocytes?

  The sarcolemma
• What is required for myocyte contraction?

  ATP
• Where is muscle injury often localized?

  One section of a myocyte
• What happens with extensive muscle damage?

  Fibrous tissue fills the defect
• What occurs when myocytes are damaged?

  They swell, restricting blood flow
• What allows for complete regeneration of injured muscle?

  Intact sarcolemma and macrophage debris removal
• How are muscle injuries classified?

  By distribution and time
• What is denervation atrophy?

  Rapid decrease in myocyte size due to nerve damage
• What is an example of denervation atrophy?

  Left recurrent laryngeal nerve degeneration
• What is disuse atrophy?

  Less severe atrophy from restricted movement
• What causes cachexia atrophy?

  Malnutrition or neoplasia
• What is physiologic hypertrophy?

  Muscle enlargement due to exercise
• What is pathologic hypertrophy?

  Muscle enlargement due to loss of function
• What is myotonia?

  Involuntary muscle contraction
• What is congenital muscle hypertrophy in cattle characterized by?

  Reduced adipose tissue in muscle
• What is steatosis?

  Replacement of myocytes by adipose tissue
• What defect causes muscular dystrophy?

  Cytoskeletal protein defect (dystrophin)
• What is a common outcome of muscular dystrophy?

  Muscle weakness and heart failure
• What is splayleg in pigs?

  A condition that usually resolves with age
• What triggers malignant hyperthermia?

  Stress or halothane anesthesia
• What is polysaccharide myopathy?

  A storage disease in draft horses
• What characterizes exertional rhabdomyolysis?

  Stiffness, muscle swelling, pain after exercise
• What is capture myopathy?

  Muscle necrosis from prolonged activity
• What is a common cause of muscle necrosis in cows?

  Trauma from prolonged pressure
• Why is healthy muscle resistant to bacterial colonization?

  Due to its structural integrity
• What is blackleg caused by?

  Clostridium chauvoei spores in hypoxic muscle
• What is gas gangrene?

  Infection from environmental clostridia in deep wounds
• What causes big head in sheep?

  1. novyi infection from head wounds
• What is wooden tongue?

  Infection of tongue cuts extending to muscle
• What is cysticercosis caused by?

  Cysticercus ovis cysts
• What can neospora cause in fetuses?

  Neuritis and muscle presence
• What is polymyositis?

  Muscle inflammation primarily affecting dogs
• What characterizes masticatory myositis?

  Autoimmunity against type II masticatory myosin
• What is extraocular myositis characterized by?

  Exophthalmos due to muscle swelling
• What imbalances disrupt muscle function?

  Glucose, calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphate
• What diseases contribute to muscle weakness and atrophy?

  Cushing's disease and hypothyroidism
• What does vitamin E/Selenium deficiency cause?

  Oxidative muscle necrosis in young animals