behaviourism

• who came up with classical conditioning?

  pavlov
• 📌 key concepts of classical conditioning

  • learning through association
  • neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response
• 🐶 pavlov's dog experiment

  • UCS = food -> UCR = salivation
  • NS = bell -> no response
  • NS + UCS = bell + food -> UCR = salivation
  • CS = bell -> CR = salivation
• 🔁 key processes of classical conditioning

  • extinction
  • spontaneous recovery
  • generalisation
  • discrimination
• who came up with operant conditioning?

  skinner
• 📌 key concept of operant conditioning

  behaviour is shaped by consequences
• 🔁 types of reinforcement

  • positive
  • negative
  • punishment
• 🐀 skinner's research

  • skinner box
  • animals pressed a lever for food (positive reinforcement) or to stop electric shock (negative reinforcement)
  • behaviour could be increased or decreased based on consequences
• ✅ strength of behaviourist approach - credibility

  uses scientific methods

  • experiments conducted in controlled lab settings using objective measures
  • allows for replication
  • credibility of psychology as a science
• ❌ limitation of behaviourist approach - determinism

  environmental deterministic view

  • assumes all behaviour is result of a stimulus-response association
  • neglects role of free will and cognitive processes
  • oversimplification
• ❌ limitation of behaviourist approach - concerns

  based on animal studies

  • skinner used rats and pigeons in unethical conditions
  • human behaviour involves emotion and cognition
  • limits external validity
• 🔷 assumptions of the behaviourist approach

  • behaviour is learned from experience
  • only study observable behaviour
  • research should be scientific
  • learned through stimulus-response associations