History 1700-1900

Cards (34)

  • What period does the tutorial overview cover?
    1700 to 1900
  • What was a key point about the period of 1700 to 1900?
    It was a period of rapid change in medicine
  • What key change weakened laissez-faire from the mid-19th century?
    Enhanced role for government
  • What was the focus of the 1875 Public Health Act?
    Sanitation
  • Who were some key individuals in the period of rapid change in medicine?
    Florence Nightingale, James Simpson, Joseph Lister
  • What theory dominated thinking about the cause of disease during this period?
    Miasma theory
  • What was the Great Stink of 1858?
    The River Thames was clogged with sewage
  • How did miasma theory limit public health measures?
    It misdirected actions against disease causes
  • What was John Snow's contribution to understanding cholera?
    He proved cholera was waterborne, not miasmic
  • What did Louis Pasteur's germ theory prove?
    Diseases are caused by microbes
  • What did Pasteur explain about vaccinations?
    How they worked
  • What significant vaccination did Pasteur create?
    Rabies vaccine
  • What was Robert Koch's significant contribution?
    Identified the first microbe for tuberculosis
  • How did Koch's laboratory techniques benefit Pasteur's work?
    They sped up further discoveries
  • What was Florence Nightingale's impact on hospitals?
    Improved sanitation and nursing quality
  • What anesthetic did James Simpson discover?
    Chloroform
  • What was the impact of chloroform on surgery?
    Allowed for more complex and slower operations
  • What was the "black hole period" in surgery?
    Death rates rose after anesthetics were introduced
  • What did Joseph Lister introduce to surgery?
    Carbolic acid spray
  • What was the effect of Lister's antiseptic methods?
    Death rates fell dramatically
  • What were the two key public health acts in this period?
    1848 voluntary Act and 1875 compulsory Act
  • What was the main reason for slow changes in public health before 1875?
    Laissez-faire attitudes
  • What did the 1875 Public Health Act require towns to do?
    Act on sanitation measures
  • What was Edward Jenner's focus in vaccination?
    Smallpox
  • How did Jenner's vaccination method differ from previous techniques?
    Used cowpox instead of smallpox matter
  • What was the outcome of Jenner's vaccination experiments?
    Smallpox was eventually eradicated
  • What was John Snow's method for studying cholera?
    He created an infection map
  • What was the significance of Snow removing the Broad Street pump handle?
    Cholera cases decreased significantly
  • What did Snow's work prove about cholera?
    It was a waterborne disease
  • Why was there slow acceptance of Snow's ideas?
    Costly improvements and vested interests
  • What were the key factors contributing to rapid change in medicine from 1700 to 1900?
    • End of laissez-faire
    • Key individuals' contributions
    • Importance of overseas work
    • Enhanced role of technology
  • What were the key public health acts and their significance?
    • 1848 Act: Voluntary, ineffective
    • 1875 Act: Compulsory, effective sanitation measures
  • What were the main contributions of key individuals in medicine during this period?
    • Edward Jenner: Developed vaccination for smallpox
    • Louis Pasteur: Germ theory and vaccinations
    • Joseph Lister: Antiseptics in surgery
    • Florence Nightingale: Improved hospital sanitation
    • James Simpson: Discovered chloroform as anesthetic
    • John Snow: Proved cholera was waterborne
  • What were the impacts of germ theory on public health measures?
    • Shifted focus to sanitation
    • Enabled effective vaccination strategies
    • Improved understanding of disease transmission