Functional Groups

• What is the bond angle in methane (CH4)?

  108°

  
• What is the hybridization of the carbon atom in methane (CH4)?

  sp3

  
• What is the molecular geometry around the carbon atom in methane?

  Tetrahedral about the carbon atom

  
• What are the general formulas for alkenes and alkynes?

  • Alkenes: C=C
  • Alkynes: C≡C
• What is the hybridization of alkenes?

  sp2
• What is the hybridization of alkynes?

  sp
• What is the molecular geometry of alkenes?

  Trigonal planar
• What is the molecular geometry of alkynes?

  Linear
• What is the effect of C=C or C≡C on molecular flexibility?

  • Reduce molecular flexibility
  • Cannot rotate C=C or C≡C
• What is an example of an alkene?

  But-2-ene (CH3CH=CHCH3)
• What is the trans form of but-2-ene called?

  trans-but-2-ene or E-but-2-ene
• What is the angle associated with trans-but-2-ene?

  120°
• What is the cis form of but-2-ene called?

  cis-but-2-ene or Z-but-2-ene
• What are geometrical isomers?

  • Different molecules
  • Different physical properties
• What is the chemical formula for benzene?

  C6H6
• What is the structure of benzene?

  Planar, cyclic delocalised system
• What are heterocyclic compounds?

  • Rings containing at least one non-carbon atom
  • Can be aromatic or fully-saturated
• Name an example of a heterocyclic compound.

  Pyridine
• What is a functional group?

  Reactive portion of a molecule
• Where can functional groups appear?

  • In hydrocarbon chains
  • In hydrocarbon rings
• What is the structure of an alcohol functional group?

  R-OH
• What is the structure of an aldehyde functional group?

  R-CHO
• What is the structure of a ketone functional group?

  R1R2CO
• What is the nature of carbonyl groups in aldehydes and ketones?

  • Electrophilic
  • Aldehyde is stronger than ketone
• What are the properties of alcohols regarding water solubility?

  • Hydrophobic, non-polar, water-hating
  • Hydrophilic, polar, water-loving
• Which alcohol is very soluble in water?

  Methanol
• Which alcohol is not soluble in water?

  Pentanol
• What affects the extent of water solubility in alcohols?

  • Balance between hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
• What is the structure of a carboxylic acid functional group?

  R-COOH
• What is the structure of a carboxylic ester functional group?

  R1-COOR2
• What is the relationship between carboxylic acids and their water solubility?

  • Decreasing water solubility with longer chains
• How does the polarity of the carboxyl group compare to an OH group?

  Carboxyl group is more polar than OH
• How many acidic protons does phosphoric acid have?

  Three acidic protons

  
• What are the characteristics of sulfonic acids?

  • General structure: RSO3H
  • Similar to carboxylic acids
  • Strong acids
  • Solubilising groups in drugs
• What is an example of a drug derived from sulfonic acids?

  Suramin
• What is the primary use of Suramin?

  Treatment of sleeping sickness
• What is the structure of a primary amine?

  RNH2
• What is the structure of a secondary amine?

  R1R2NH
• What is the structure of a tertiary amine?

  R1R2R3N
• What is the basicity of amines?

  • Amines are basic
  • Tertiary amines are more basic