psychological therapies

• 🗣️ cognitive behavioural therapy

  structured, short-term psychological treatment that helps patients cope and understand symptoms

  • focuses on changing dysfunctional thoughts, challenging delusional beliefs and promoting healthy thinking
• 🔑 key components of CBT

  • cognitive restructuring
  • coping strategies
  • behavioural experiments
• 🎯 effectiveness of CBT

  • Jauhar et al - meta-analysis revealed CBT led to reductions in positive symptoms
  • significant long-term benefits in improving functioning
  • improves adherence to medication and preventing relapse
• 🏡 family therapy

  family dynamics significantly influence course of schizophrenia

  • aims to reduce expressed emotion by improving communication and providing psychoeducation
• 🔑 key components of family therapy

  • psychoeducation
  • communication
  • stress management
• 🎯 effectiveness of family therapy

  • Pharoah et al - family interventions led to significant reduction in relapse and rehospitalization
  • increases medication adherence
• 💵 token economy

  behaviour modification that rewards patients when displaying desirable behaviours

  • increase motivation and engage patients in daily activities
• 🔑 key components of token economies

  • behavioural reinforcement
  • reinforcement schedules
  • exchange system
• 🎯 effectiveness of token economies

  • McMonagle & Soan - improve self-care, social interaction and overall functioning
  • effective in controlled settings
  • increase adaptive behaviours
• ✅ strength of CBT - effective

  effectively reduces symptoms

  • Jauhar et al - significantly reduced severity of positive symptoms
  • reduces emotional distress caused by delusions and hallucinations
  • important treatment
• ✅ strength of CBT - functioning

  improves social and occupational functioning

  • Roth et al - improvements in ability to engage socially
  • helps develop coping strategies and improve cognitive skills
  • holistic treatment approach
• ❌ limitation of CBT - active

  requires active participation and motivation

  • success is dependent on patient's willingness to engage
  • cognitive impairments or low motivation makes it difficult
  • less suitable
• ✅ strength of family therapy - relapse

  reduces relapse rates

  • Pharaoh et al - significantly reduced the risk of relapse especially when combined with medication
  • provides education and improves communication which reduces stress and conflict
  • long-term management
• ✅ strength of family therapy - support

  improves support networks

  • McFarlane - enhances support system by fostering understanding and empathy
  • learn how to provide emotional and practical support
  • crucial for recovery
• ❌ limitation of family therapy - challenges

  not effective due to family dynamics

  • Glynn et al - families with high levels of conflict or poor communication don't benefit
  • difficult to create a positive and supportive environment
  • less effective
• ✅ strength of token economies - practical

  structured approach to managing symptoms

  • Ayllon & Azrin - improved behaviour of patients in psychiatric hospitals
  • structure helps individuals improve social and adaptive behaviours
  • clarity is effective
• ✅ strength of token economies - change

  encourage positive behavioural changes

  • McMonagle & Shah - effective in improving social and personal skills
  • reinforcement helps develop skills that contribute to independence and functioning
  • long-term positive changes
• ❌ limitations of token economies - applicability

  limited generalisability to real-world settings

  • Dickerson et al - limited to institutional settings
  • challenging to implement in less controlled environments where rewards are inconsistent
  • limits application