7. Organic Chem

• What branch of chemistry focuses on carbon compounds?

  Organic chemistry
• Why is there a great variety of carbon compounds?

  Carbon can form chains and rings
• What are the main sources of organic compounds?

  Living or once-living materials
• What are fossil fuels primarily used for?

  Feedstock for the petrochemical industry
• What types of materials can chemists create from organic molecules?

  Polymers, pharmaceuticals, perfumes
• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  Hydrocarbons
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C$n$H$2n+$$2$
• Name the first four members of the alkane series.

  Methane, ethane, propane, butane
• How can alkane molecules be represented?

  As C$n$H$2n+$$2$ or structural formulas
• What process separates hydrocarbons in crude oil?

  Fractional distillation
• What do the fractions from fractional distillation contain?

  Molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms
• What fuels are produced from crude oil?

  Petrol, diesel, kerosene
• How do properties of hydrocarbons change with molecular size?

  Boiling point, viscosity, and flammability change
• What is released during the combustion of hydrocarbons?

  Energy
• What products are formed from the complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• What happens to hydrocarbons during cracking?

  They are broken down into smaller molecules
• What are the two methods of cracking?

  Catalytic cracking and steam cracking
• What are alkenes?

  Hydrocarbons with a double bond
• How do alkenes react with bromine water?

  They cause a color change
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  C$n$H$2n$
• What functional group do alcohols contain?

  -OH
• Name the first four members of the alcohol series.

  Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol
• What happens when alcohols react with sodium?

  They produce hydrogen gas
• How is ethanol produced from sugar?

  By fermentation using yeast
• What functional group do carboxylic acids contain?

  -COOH
• Name the first four members of the carboxylic acid series.

  Methanoic, ethanoic, propanoic, butanoic
• What happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

  They produce carbon dioxide
• What is addition polymerisation?

  Joining monomers to form polymers
• Name two examples of addition polymers.

  Poly(ethene) and poly(propene)
• What is condensation polymerisation?

  Joining monomers with loss of small molecules
• What do amino acids produce when they polymerise?

  Polypeptides
• What is the structure of DNA?

  Two polymer chains in a double helix
• What are the monomers of DNA?

  Nucleotides
• Name some naturally occurring polymers important for life.

  Proteins, starch, cellulose