C9

• Petroleum naphtha


  Fraction with the lowest boiling point (~30°C-200°C), mostly contains alkanes (4-12 carbon atoms)
• Gasoline


  Fraction with moderate boiling point (~30°C-200°C), mostly contains alkanes (4-12 carbon atoms)
• Kerosene


  Fraction with higher boiling point (~180°C-250°C), contains mix of alkanes and aromatics (10-16 carbon atoms)
• Lubricating oil


  Fraction with highest boiling point (~250°C-350°C), contains mix of alkanes and aromatics (16-18 carbon atoms)
• Alkane


  Saturated hydrocarbon with no double bonds between carbon atoms
• Alkene


  Unsaturated hydrocarbon with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
• Aromatic hydrocarbon


  Hydrocarbon with an aromatic ring structure
• Generic formula for alkanes

  CnH2n+2
• Crude oil composition


  Mixture of hydrocarbons, largely composed of alkanes
• Chemical properties of alkanes

  Identical chemical properties due to same elements present
• Physical properties of alkanes

  Vary depending on size of molecule, influenced by carbon number
• Molecule size


  The number of carbon atoms in the straight chain molecule
• Viscosity


  Resistance of a liquid to flowing or pouring; a measure of its thickness
• Volatility


  Ease with which a liquid hydrocarbon vaporizes into a gas
• Flammability


  Ease with which a liquid hydrocarbon can be ignited and burns rapidly
• Fractional distillation


  Process of separating a complex mixture into its different chemical components, or fractions
• Petrol ignition temperature


  Below 0ºC (32°F)
• Fuel oil ignition temperature

  Above 100ºC (212°F)
• Diesel fuel ignition temperature

  Above 50ºC (122°F)
• Combustion products


  Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
• Combustion


  The burning of fuels in air
• Oxygen requirements for combustion

  Increase as hydrocarbon molecule size increases
• Incomplete combustion


  Occurs when there is not enough oxygen to burn hydrocarbon molecules completely
• Incomplete combustion


  Produces carbon monoxide (CO) and water when there is not enough oxygen
• Complete combustion


  Produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and water when there is sufficient oxygen
• Soot


  Particulate matter formed during incomplete combustion
• Carbon (C)


  Elementary carbon particles formed during incomplete combustion
• Cracking


  Process of breaking down larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones
• Alkenes


  Family of hydrocarbons with a carbon-to-carbon double bond (C=C)
• Bromine test


  Used to identify alkenes by reacting with bromine water and observing color change
• Hydrocarbon cracking


  Process of breaking down hydrocarbons into smaller molecules
• Catalytic cracking


  Method of cracking hydrocarbons using a catalyst and high temperature
• Alkenes industrial applications


  Used to produce polymers, esters, halogenated alkanes, and aromatics