C11

• Addition polymerization

  A type of polymerization reaction where monomers are continuously added to the growing polymer chain.
• Monomers

  Small molecules that are added to the growing polymer chain during addition polymerization.
• Polypropene

  A type of polymer made by the addition polymerization of the monomer propene.
• Properties of polypropene

  Strong fibers, tough, easily molded and colored, high elasticity.
• Macaroni string necklace analogy

  A comparison to the process of making a macaroni string necklace, where monomers are added to form a chain like adding pasta to a string.
• Double C=C bond

  A bond found in alkene molecules that breaks open during addition polymerization.
• Addition polymerization of alkene molecules

  The double C=C bond breaks open to form a -C-C- bond, and monomers are added to the end of the growing chain until no more monomers are left.
• Condensation reaction

  A reaction where two molecules combine with the loss of a small molecule, such as water, to form a new compound.
• Esters

  A family of chemicals formed by the condensation reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols.
• Functional group –COOC-

  The characteristic functional group of esters, formed by the reaction of –COH and –COOH parts.
• Ethane diol

  A diol used in the production of polyesters.
• Polyester

  A polymer formed by the condensation reaction between ethane diol and hexanedioic acid.
• Polymer formation

  Molecules with different functional groups react together to form very long molecules, often in solution and at low temperatures.
• Functional groups

  The reactive parts of molecules that participate in polymer formation.
• Condensation Polymerization Advantages

  Wider range of monomers: no need for C=C double bond, Lower temperature and pressure: gentler conditions, Easy separation: solid forms are easy to isolate.
• Disadvantages of Condensation Polymerization

  Lower atom economy: forms water as a byproduct, reduces efficiency; More expensive starting materials: original molecules used in the reaction can be pricier than those used in addition polymerization.
• Examples of Naturally Occurring Fibres

  Wool, silk, and linen (flax)
• Basis of Natural Fibres

  Proteins: silk and wool | Cellulose: linen and cotton | Starch: carbohydrates
• Monomer

  Amino acids, Sugars (Monosaccharides), Cellulose
• Polymer

  Proteins, Starch, Cellulose
• Polymerization

  Molecules with different functional groups react together at low temperature in solution, producing a polymer and often a small molecule (water, etc.)
• Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid Reaction

  Polyester + Water
• Amino Acid + Amino Acid Reaction

  Polypeptide + Water