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Biology
Topic 17
Hormones and regulation of blood glucose
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Jayden Clauer
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Hormones
are produced by
endocrine glands
and secreted directly into the bloodstream
Hormones
bind to
receptors
on the target cells because they are
complementary
Hormones
are produced in small quantities but have widespread and long-lasting effects
Modes of Action
Activation of
cell-surface receptors
Diffuse directly into cells through the
phospholipid bilayer
Second-messenger systems
Second-messenger systems
binds to receptor on plasma membrane
adenylate cyclase
activated
ATP synthesised to
cAMP
activates
protein kinase
Increase in
blood glucose concentration
Detected by
pancreas
which secretes
insulin
from
beta cells
Insulin binds to
receptors
on muscle + liver cells
This increases the number of glucose channel proteins in the
cell-surface membrane
This also activates enzymes for
glycogenesis
Blood glucose concentration decreases
Decrease in
blood glucose concentration
Detected by
pancreas
which secretes
glucagon
from
alpha cells
Glucagon binds to receptors in liver cells and acts via
second messenger
This activates enzymes for
glycogenolysis
and
gluconeogenesis
Blood glucose concentration increases
Adrenaline
Secreted by
adrenal glands
when blood glucose concentration is low
Adrenaline binds to receptors on liver cells and acts via
second messenger
Activates enzymes for
glycogenolysis
Blood glucose concentration increases
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