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Topic 17
Glossary
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Homeostasis
=
regulation
of internal conditions to maintain a stable environment within a narrow range
Tissue fluid
= fluid surrounding cells that facilitates exchange of
nutrients
and
gases
between blood and cells
Water potential
= tendency of water molecules to move from one area to another
Optimum point
= ideal value of a physiological variable at which
cellular
processes function most efficiently
Receptor
= specialised cell/protein that detects changes in the environment and initiates a response
Coordinator
= central point of a control system that processes information from
receptors
and sends signals to
effectors
Effector
= muscle/gland/organ that carries out a response to restore conditions to optimum level
Feedback mechanism
= process in which the output of a system influences/regulates its own activity
Negative feedback
= mechanism that counters a change in a physiological conditions, restoring it back to the set point
Positive feedback
= mechanism that amplifies a change in a
physiological
conditions, often leading to a specific outcome
Vasodilation
= widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow and heat loss, aiding in thermoregulation
Glucagon
=
hormone
secreted by
alpha cells
in the
pancreas
that raises blood glucose levels
Insulin
=
hormone
secreted by
beta cells
in the
pancreas
that lowers
blood glucose levels
Target cells
= specific cells with
receptors
that bind to particular
hormones
, triggering a specific response
Second messenger model
= mechanism where a
hormone
binds to a receptor, triggering the production of a
messenger molecule
Islet of Langerhans
= clusters of
hormone-secreting
cells in the pancreas containing
alpha cells
and
beta cells
Alpha cells
= cells that secrete
glucagon
to increase
blood glucose levels
Beta cells
= cells that secrete
insulin
to lower
blood glucose levels
Glycogenesis
= process of converting
glucose
into
glycogen
for storage in the
liver
and
muscle cells
Glycogenolysis
= breakdown of
glycogen
into
glucose
in the
liver
and
muscles
to increase blood glucose levels
Gluconeogenesis
= production of
glucose
from non-
carbohydrate
sources like
amino acids
and
glycerol
Adrenaline
=
hormone
released by the
adrenal glands
in response to
stress
, increasing
blood glucose levels
Type I
diabetes
= conditions caused by autoimmune destruction of
beta cells
, resulting in little to no
insulin production
Type II
diabetes
= condition where cells become resistant to
insulin
or insufficient insulin in produced
Glycoprotein
= protein with
carbohydrate
chains attached, playing roles in
cell signalling
and recognition
Biosensors
= devices that use
biological
molecules to detect substances such as
glucose
in blood
Osmoregulation
= control of water and solute levels in the blood to maintain
osmotic
balance
Nephron
= functional unit of the
kidney
responsible for
filtering
blood, reabsorbing
substances
and forming
urine
Fibrous capsule
= tough outer membrane that protects the
kidney
and maintains its structure
Cortex
= outer region of the kidney containing the
glomeruli
and
proximal convoluted tubules
Bowman's capsule
= structure in the
nephron
that collects filtrate from the
glomerulus
during
ultrafiltration
Medulla
= inner region of the kidney containing the loop of
Henle
and collecting ducts
Loop of Henle
= U-shaped structure in the
nephron
that establishes a concentration gradient in the
medulla
Proximal convoluted tubule
= section of the
nephron
that regulates
reabsorption
of water, ions and glucose
Podocytes
= specialised cells lining the Bowman's capsule that create filtration slits
Distal convoluted tubule
= portion of the
nephron
that regulates
ion balance
and pH under the influence of
hormones
Collecting duct
= final part of the nephron where water reabsorption is regulated by
ADH
Afferent arteriole
= blood vessel that brings blood to the
glomerulus
for filtration
Glomerulus
= capillary network in the
nephron
where
ultrafiltration
occurs
Efferent arteriole
= blood vessel carrying blood away from the
glomerulus
, maintaining pressure for
filtration
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