Paper 2

• What is homeostasis?

  Maintenance of a constant internal environment
• Why is it important to control blood glucose levels?

  To keep the body functioning properly
• What organ is responsible for producing insulin?

  Pancreas
• What role does the brain play in homeostasis?

  It sends signals to various body parts
• What are effectors responsible for?

  Producing hormones and movement
• What is the central nervous system composed of?

  Brain and spinal cord
• How does a reflex action occur?

  Signal travels from stimulus to spinal cord
• What happens when a signal crosses a synapse?

  It becomes a slow chemical signal
• Where is the pituitary gland located?

  In the brain
• What hormone does the pancreas produce?

  Insulin
• What is the function of testosterone?

  produced by the testes - is the main male reproductive hormone and it stimulates sperm production.
• What does estrogen do in females?

  Responsible for egg maturation and menstrual cycle
• What is the role of adrenaline?

  Triggers fight-or-flight response
• What does thyroxine regulate?

  Metabolism
• What happens to blood glucose levels after a meal?

  They start to rise
• What does insulin do to blood glucose levels?

  Causes cells to remove glucose from blood
• What is glycogen?

  Stored form of glucose
• What happens when blood glucose levels are too low?

  Pancreas produces glucagon
• What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

  Type 1 lacks insulin production; type 2 is insulin resistant
• What are common symptoms of diabetes?

  Thirst, fatigue, blurry vision
• What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

  Insulin injections
• What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

  Diet and exercise control
• What does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?

  Makes small eggs grow larger
• What is the role of luteinizing hormone (LH)?

  Triggers egg release
• What happens to the uterine lining if no embryo implants?

  It breaks down
• What are the different methods of contraception?

  • Barrier methods (e.g., condoms, diaphragm)
  • Hormonal methods (e.g., pill, IUD)
  • Sterilization (e.g., tubal ligation)
• What is the purpose of using condoms?

  Prevent pregnancy and STDs
• What is the main advantage of IVF?

  Helps individuals who cannot conceive naturally
• What is a disadvantage of IVF?

  High cost and side effects
• What is the outcome of mitosis?

  Two identical daughter cells
• What is the outcome of meiosis?

  Four different daughter cells
• What type of cells does mitosis produce?

  Diploid cells
• What type of cells does meiosis produce?

  Haploid cells
• What are gametes in males and females?

  Males: sperm; females: eggs
• What is crossing over in meiosis?

  Swapping of chromosome segments
• What is asexual reproduction?

  Reproduction without gametes
• What is a gene?

  Stretch of DNA coding for a characteristic
• What is a genome?

  All genes in a body
• What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

  Genotype: genetic makeup; phenotype: observable traits
• What is a mutation?

  A change in DNA sequence