homeostasis and response

• What is homeostasis?

  Maintaining a stable internal environment
• What does the nervous system do?

  Detects and reacts to stimuli
• How does negative feedback function?

  Counteracts changes in the body
• What is the role of synapses in the nervous system?

  Transmit signals between neurons
• What is the function of the nerve pathway in the central nervous system?

  Facilitates communication between neurons
• How can reaction time be measured?

  Using a computer
• What is the first step in controlling blood glucose?

  Digestion of carbohydrates
• What happens when blood glucose levels rise too high?

  The pancreas releases insulin
• What does insulin do in the body?

  Causes liver and muscle cells to take up glucose
• What occurs if blood glucose levels fall too low?

  The pancreas releases glucagon
• What is the effect of glucagon on blood glucose levels?

  Causes the liver to release glucose
• How do hormones differ from nerve impulses?

  Hormones act more slowly and last longer
• When are nerves more advantageous than hormones?

  For sudden events requiring quick response
• What happens when you study hard for a test?

  Your body releases hormones and nerve impulses
• What is Type 1 diabetes caused by?

  Immune system attacking insulin-producing cells
• What typically causes Type 2 diabetes?

  Body becomes less responsive to insulin
• How can diabetes be managed?

  Inject insulin and change diet
• What hormones control fertility?

  Four specific hormones
• What is the role of adrenaline?

  Prepares you for "fight or flight"
• How does thyroxine affect the body?

  Regulates metabolism
• What is the impact of negative feedback on hormone release?

  Affects hormone release regulation
• What are the differences between hormones and nerve impulses?

  • Hormones act more slowly
  • Hormones have longer-lasting effects
  • Hormones affect a wide area
  • Nerve impulses act rapidly
  • Nerve impulses have short-lasting effects
  • Nerve impulses affect a specific area
• What are the steps in controlling blood glucose levels?

  1. Digestion of carbohydrates
  2. Absorption of glucose into the blood
  3. Pancreas releases insulin if high
  4. Insulin prompts glucose uptake by cells
  5. Blood glucose levels normalize
  6. Pancreas releases glucagon if low
  7. Glucagon prompts liver to release glucose
  8. Blood glucose levels normalize
• What are the effects of diabetes on blood sugar control?

  • Type 1: Immune system attacks insulin cells
  • Type 2: Body becomes less responsive to insulin
  • Management: Insulin injections, diet changes, exercise
• What are the roles of adrenaline and thyroxine?

  • Adrenaline: Prepares body for "fight or flight"
  • Thyroxine: Regulates metabolism