observation techniques

• What are the two main types of observational techniques?

  Naturalistic and controlled observations
• What is a naturalistic observation?

  Watching behavior in its normal setting
• What is a controlled observation?

  Behavior observed in a structured environment
• What is a covert observation?

  Participants are unaware they are being observed
• What is an overt observation?

  Participants are aware they are being observed
• What is a participant observation?

  Observer is part of the group being observed
• What is a non-participant observation?

  Observer watches from a distance
• What are the limitations of naturalistic observations?

  • Lack of control over the situation
  • Difficult to replicate investigations
  • Many uncontrolled extraneous variables
• What are the strengths of controlled observations?

  • Higher control of variables
  • Increases replicability
  • Enhances reliability of findings
  • Ethical issue of consent is removed
• What are the limitations of overt observations?

  • Participants may act unnaturally
  • Observer effect lowers ecological validity
• What is the difference between participant and non-participant observations?

  • Participant: Observer is part of the group
  • Non-participant: Observer watches from a distance
• What type of observation is the Marshmallow Test?

  Naturalistic observation
• Is the Marshmallow Test covert or overt observation?

  Covert observation
• Is the observer in the Marshmallow Test a participant or non-participant?

  Non-participant observation
• What ethical issues might arise in the Marshmallow Test?

  Consent and deception concerns
• What are the key components of observational techniques in psychology?

  • Types: naturalistic, controlled, covert, overt
  • Participant vs. non-participant observations
  • Strengths and limitations of each type