Growth and Development

• What types of meat are recommended for infants?

  Chicken, pork, and fish
• Why should egg whites not be given sunny side up to infants?

  They can cause allergic reactions
• What is the best indicator of an infant's health?

  Size
• What is the normal head circumference for infants?

  33-35 cm
• What is the normal chest and abdominal circumference for infants?

  31-33 cm
• What is the normal birth length for infants?

  47-54 cm
• What is the normal birth weight range for infants?

  2.5 to 4 kg
• How does the head size compare to the chest and abdomen in infants under 1 year old?

  The head is bigger than the chest
• What happens to the size relationship of the head, chest, and abdomen from 1 to 2 years old?

  Head equalizes with chest and abdomen
• What size relationship occurs after 2 years old?

  Chest and abdomen are bigger than head
• What is development in the context of growth and development?

  Qualitative increase in capacity to function
• What are some aspects of development in infants?

  Speech, body language, motor skills
• When does growth primarily take place?

  In the first 20 years of life
• What is maturation?

  Intrinsic process of genetically programmed development
• What is a development task?

  A specific task arising at a certain life period
• What is a critical period in development?

  A time when stimuli greatly affect development
• What are the principles of growth and development?

  • Influenced by heredity, environment, nutrition, socio-economic factors, health
  • Regular, orderly, predictable process
  • Proceeds in an orderly manner: cephalo-caudal, proximodistal, general to specific, simple to complex, gross to refined
  • Each individual grows at their own pace
  • Development is continuous throughout life
  • Critical periods exist
  • Heredity sets upper limits
• What are the important principles of psychosocial development?

  1. All experiences have psychosocial and biological contexts
  2. Biological equipment is modifiable
  3. All behavior has meaning
  4. No single psychosocial theory accounts for all behavior
• What is skeletal age used for?

  To express physiological maturity progression
• How is bone age determined?

  Via x-ray of bone size and ossification
• What does dental age assess?

  Tooth eruption
• How fast do infants grow in the first year?

  Birth weight doubles by 6 months
• What is the developmental task for infants aged 0-1?

  Trust vs mistrust
• What is stranger anxiety and when does it peak?

  Occurs at 6 months, peaks at 9 months
• What is object permanence in infants?

  Infants can remember the face of the primary caregiver
• What are appropriate toys for solitary play in infants?

  • Size appropriate
  • Non-toxic
  • No detachable parts
  • Examples: rattle, musical mobile
• What is the best color for infant toys?

  Red
• What are the developmental milestones for infants from 0 to 2 years?

  • 0 months: 0 degrees
  • 1 month: 15 degrees
  • 2 months: 30 degrees
  • 3 months: 45 degrees
  • 4 months: more than 45 degrees
  • 6 months: sits with support, teething
  • 8 months: sits without support
  • 9 months: crawling
  • 10 months: standing with support
  • 11 months: cruising
  • 12 months: walking with support
  • 15 months: walking without support
  • 18 months: running and jumping
  • 2 years: same level
  • 2.5 years: 20 temporary teeth
  • 3 years: alternates
  • 6-7 years: decay of temporary teeth
• When should solid foods be introduced to infants?

  When all factors are present at 6 months
• What is the first solid food recommended for infants?

  Iron fortified cereals
• What types of foods should be introduced after cereals?

  Vegetables and fruits
• Why are iron fortified cereals recommended for infants?

  To prevent iron deficiency anemia
• How should vegetables and fruits be prepared for infants?

  Mashed or with oil