Cultural variations

• What type of study did van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg conduct in 1988?

  Meta-analysis of Strange Situation studies
• How many children were involved in van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis?

  1990 children
• Which countries were included in the meta-analysis by van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg?

  Germany, GB, Netherlands, Sweden, USA
• What is a meta-analysis?

  A study that combines results from multiple studies
• How did van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg assess cultural variations in attachment?

  By analyzing data from various countries
• What are the findings regarding attachment types in different cultures according to van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg?

  • Secure attachment most common globally
  • Varied from 75% in Britain to 50% in China
  • In individualist cultures, insecure-avoidant is next
  • In collectivist cultures, insecure-resistant is next

  
• What percentage of Italian babies were found to be secure in Simonelli et al's study?

  50%
• What percentage of Korean babies were classified as resistant in Kyoung Jin et al's study?

  More were classified as resistant
• Are attachment types static over time?

  No, they can change over time
• What do the research findings by Simonelli et al and Kyoung Jin et al suggest?

  Attachment types may vary across cultures
• Who are indigenous researchers?

  Psychologists from the culture being studied
• Why is having indigenous researchers considered a strength?

  They understand cultural context better
• Why is the lack of indigenous researchers a weakness in some studies?

  It may lead to cultural misunderstandings
• What is a confounding variable?

  An uncontrolled variable affecting results
• Why may the results of the meta-analysis not be valid?

  Confounding variables may affect results
• What concepts are included in cross-cultural psychology?

  Emic and etic
• What method is used to assess attachment types in cross-cultural research?

  The Strange Situation method
• Does the Strange Situation lead to imposed etic or imposed emic?

  Imposed etic
• What is a weakness of cross-cultural research into attachment according to the concept of imposed etic?

  It assumes universality across cultures
• How is a lack of affection perceived in different cultures according to the text?

  In the US, it's insecure-avoidant; in Germany, independence
• Why does the response to reunion with the caregiver vary in different cultures?

  Different cultures emphasize different values
• What are the implications of imposed etic in attachment research?

  • Assumes attachment behaviors are universal
  • Overlooks cultural differences in attachment
  • May lead to misinterpretation of behaviors