Urine Testing

• antibodies have different antigen binding sites
• how are monoclonal antibodies produced

  1 - antigen injected into mouse, so produces the antibody

  2 - spleen removed from mouse, and most effective antibody producing B cells are extracted

  3 - those B cells are fused with myelomas (cancer cells) to produce hybridomas

  4 - hybridomas can divide rapidly so produce many 'antibody factories'

  5 - monoclonal antibodies produced
• pregnancy test process


  1 - pee on the stick

  2 - if hCG present it will bind to mobile antibodies, which has a dyed enzyme attached

  3 - hCG bound to mobile enters the test site, then binds to immobilised antibodies, which brings the coloured enzyme to substrate, causing a colour change/pattern to emerge

  4 - immobilised antibodies in control site that will bind to any mobile antibody and causes a colour change

  if pregnant - two lines/pattern will emerge

  if not pregnant - one line will appear - control

  if no lines are present, control not working so need to do another test
• what are anabolic steroids

  drugs that mimic the action of testosterone and stimulate muscle growth

  • lipid bases
  • build muscle mass
  • tested for using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
• testing for anabolic


  gas chromatography - urine vaporised and passed through column, containing a polymer, which allows different molecules to pass through at different rates, constituents of urine separate out

  mass spectrometry - used to identify the molecules, molecules are ionised then separated, then analysed and compared with known substances
• what is hCG


  human Chorionic Gonadotropin

  • produced by embryo in early pregnancy
  • appears in urine so used as a pregnancy test