last

• What is auscultation?

  Listening to body sounds during examination
• What is cardiac auscultation?

  Listening to heart sounds
• What does cardiac auscultation examine?

  Mechanical vibration from the heart
• What is a stethoscope?

  Device for auscultation of internal sounds
• What is the typical structure of a stethoscope?

  Small disc-shaped resonator with tubes
• What is the first heart sound called?

  1st heart sound or "LUB"
• What causes the 1st heart sound?

  Atrioventricular valves closing
• How does the intensity of the 1st heart sound vary?

  Varies with exercise, excitement, or anemia
• What is the second heart sound called?

  2nd heart sound or "DUB"
• What causes the 2nd heart sound?

  Semilunar valves closing
• How does the intensity of the 2nd heart sound vary?

  Increases with certain heart conditions
• What is the 3rd heart sound associated with?

  Rapid ventricular filling vibrations
• What is the 4th heart sound produced by?

  Atrial systole
• What are the categories of abnormal heart sounds?

  • Abnormal splitting of heart sounds
  • Gallops
  • Clicks
  • Friction rubs
  • Audible arrhythmias
  • Muffled heart sounds
• What are murmurs a result of?

  Turbulence in heart or vessels
• What are pathologic causes of murmurs?

  Valvular incompetence or stenosis
• What are physiologic murmurs associated with?

  Blood viscosity changes
• What are innocent murmurs associated with?

  Alterations in blood flow without disease
• What is a systolic murmur?

  Murmur occurring between S1 and S2
• What conditions are associated with systolic murmurs?

  Mitral and tricuspid insufficiency
• What is a diastolic murmur?

  Murmur occurring between S2 and S1
• What conditions are associated with diastolic murmurs?

  Semilunar valvular insufficiency
• What are continuous murmurs produced by?

  Arteriovenous connections
• What are examples of conditions that produce continuous murmurs?

  Patent ductus arteriosus and fistulae