pharmacology

• What is pharmacology? s1 


  Field of medicine that specialises in the study of drugs, their sources, appearance, chemistry, actions, and uses.
• What is a drug?

  A chemical substance of known structure, other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which when administered to a living organism produces a biological effect.
• Drugs


  Drugs act on cells but affect the whole body.

  Patient > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell (Drug)

  Patient (reduction in BP) > Circulatory System > Arteriole > Smooth Muscle > Cell (Verapamil - channel blocker)
• Drug effects 


  Desired effects - Therapeutic Effect

  Undesired Effects - Side Effect, Adverse Effect, and Toxic Effect.
• 


  Side Effect - not harmful, just isn't convenient.

  Adverse Effect - unexpected.

  Toxic Effect- Very harmful e.g. damage of vital organ/s.
• Pharmacology overview (Drug sources)

  Plants

  Animals

  Bacteria

  Chemical synthesis

  (The perfect drug doesnt exist)
• Subdivisions of Pharmacology

  Pharmaco - Is the study of

  Therapeutics - use of drugs in treating diseases.
• Subdivisions of Pharmacology 


  Therapeutics- Use of drugs in treating disease
• Subdivisions of Pharmacology


  Genetics- variations in drug response due to genetic influences
• Subdivisions of Pharmacology 


  Genomics- genetic factors to guide drug therapy
• Subdivisions of Pharmacology 



  Epidemiology- variability of the drug response across a population
• Subdivisions of Pharmacology 



  Economics- the comparative cost: benefit ratios of treatment strategies
• Subdivisions of Pharmacology 



  Vigilance- the adverse effects of drugs
• Subdivisions of Pharmacology 



  Toxicology- the study of the harmful effects of drugs on living tissue
• Subdivisions of Pharmacology 



  Pharmacy- the science of preparing and dispensing medicines
• Subdivisions of Pharmacology 



  Posology- the study of the amount of drug that is required to produce therapeutic effects.
• Pharmacology


  Pharmacokinetics- The study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. How the living system affects the drug.
• Pharmacology


  Pharmacodynamics- The study of the action of drugs on living tissue
• ADME


  Absorption, Distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
• Pharmacology


  Drug administration > ADME > Plasma > Receptor site > Drug effect.

  (The relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics w drug concentration being the linking variable.
• Drug Nomenclature 


  • Drugs have chemical, generic (non-proprietary), and trade (proprietary, brand) names.
• Drug Nomenclature 


  The official name of the drug is the generic name. Generic names are a shortened version of the chemical name.
• Drug Nomenclature 


  The chemical name describes the chemical/molecular structure of the drug.
• Drug Nomenclature 


  The trade name is assigned by the drug manufacturer.
• Drug Classificiation


  • Prescription
  • Nonprescription (over-the-counter)
• Drug Nomenclature 


  Chemical name- 1,3-benzenedimetanol, α1-[[(1,1 dimethylethyl)amino]methyl]-4-hydroxy-, C₁₃H₂₁NO₃:

  Generic name:Salbutamol, albuterol, salbutamol sulfate

  Trade name: Ventolin
• What is the generic name of Fluoxetine?


  Fluoxetine
• What are the trade names for Fluoxetine?

  Prozac, sarafen
• What is the chemical name of Acetaminophen?

  N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide
• What is the generic name of Acetaminophen?

  Acetaminophen
• What are the trade names for Acetaminophen?

  Tylenol (US), Panadol (UK)
• What is the chemical name of Ibuprofen?

  (RS)-2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionic acid
• What is the generic name of Ibuprofen?

  Ibuprofen
• What are the trade names for Ibuprofen?

  Advil, Nurofen, Motrin
• What is the chemical name of Clotrimazole?

  1-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethanone
• What is the generic name of Clotrimazole?

  Clotrimazole
• What are the trade names for Fluconazole?

  Diflucan, celozole
• Brand name drugs and generic drugs

  • The inventor of a new drug may apply for patent protection, if awarded, the manufacturer is given 17 years exclusive rights to manufacture and distribute the new drug
• Brand name drugs and generic drugs

  Once the drug is off the patent, other drug companies may manufacture a generic equivalent
• What makes a generic the same as a brand-name drug?

  Lab test results and other documentation from the generic manufacturer are reviwed by FDA to demonstrate that-

  • same active ingredients
  • same dosage form
  • same strength and route of administration
  • generic drug will work as intended before expiring