2.1.5 Eukaryotic cells

• What is the structure surrounding all eukaryotic cells?

  Cell surface membrane
• What is the primary function of the cell surface membrane?

  Controls exchange of materials
• How is the cell membrane described in terms of permeability?

  Partially permeable
• What is the diameter of the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane?

  Around 10 nm
• What is the primary composition of the cell wall in plant cells?

  Cellulose
• How does the permeability of the cell wall compare to the plasma membrane?

  The cell wall is freely permeable
• Where are cell walls found?

  In plant cells, not animal cells
• What connects the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells?

  Plasmodesmata
• What is contained within the nucleus of a cell?

  Chromatin
• What is the function of nuclear pores?

  Allow mRNA and ribosomes to travel
• What are chromosomes made of?

  Linear DNA and histones
• What is the role of the nucleolus?

  Site of ribosome production
• What is the primary function of mitochondria?

  Site of aerobic respiration
• What is the structure of the inner membrane of mitochondria?

  Folded to form cristae
• What is produced in the matrix of mitochondria?

  ATP
• What type of DNA is found in mitochondria?

  Mitochondrial DNA
• Where are chloroplasts primarily found?

  In the green parts of a plant
• What is the function of thylakoids in chloroplasts?

  Site of light-dependent reactions
• What is the Calvin Cycle associated with?

  Light-independent stage of photosynthesis
• What type of ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?

  80S ribosomes
• What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) from smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

  RER has ribosomes on its surface
• What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

  Modifies proteins and lipids
• What do lysosomes contain?

  Hydrolytic enzymes
• What is the role of centrioles during cell division?

  Organize spindle fibers
• What is the diameter of microtubules?

  About 25 nm
• What is the function of microvilli?

  Increase surface area for exchange
• What are cilia made from?

  Microtubules
• What is the primary function of flagella?

  Provide cell movement
• What are the main components of eukaryotic cells?

  • Cell surface membrane
  • Cell wall (in plants)
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts (in plants)
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (RER and SER)
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Vacuoles (in plants)
  • Lysosomes
  • Centrioles
  • Microtubules
  • Microvilli, cilia, and flagella
• What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?

  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER):
  • Processes proteins made by ribosomes
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER):
  • Produces, processes, and stores lipids, carbohydrates, and steroids
• What are the functions of lysosomes?

  • Contain hydrolytic enzymes
  • Break down waste materials
  • Used in apoptosis and by immune cells
• What are the roles of the Golgi apparatus?

  • Modifies proteins and lipids
  • Packages them into vesicles for transport
  • Exports proteins, delivers to lysosomes, or organelles
• What is the structure and function of microtubules?

  • Hollow fibers made of tubulin dimers
  • Form the cytoskeleton
  • Provide support and movement for the cell
• What are the differences between cilia and flagella?

  • Cilia: Short, hair-like, move substances over surfaces
  • Flagella: Longer, provide movement for cells