2.1.6 Eukaryotes under the microscope

• What structures help identify plant and animal cells in images?

  Features or structures unique to each type
• What structures are found only in animal cells?

  Centrioles and microvilli
• What structures are found only in plant cells?

  Cellulose cell wall, large vacuoles, chloroplasts
• What is the orientation of centrioles in the centrosome?

  At right angles to each other
• What does the ultrastructure of an animal cell show?

  A densely packed cell with extensive networks
• What is a key identifying feature of plant cells in electron micrographs?

  Presence of a cell wall and vacuole
• Why can more detailed structures be seen in electron photomicrographs?

  They have greater magnification and resolution
• What type of cells are goblet cells?

  Mucus producing cells
• Where are goblet cells found?

  In the lining of trachea and bronchi
• What is an important skill when interpreting photomicrographs?

  Describing and interpreting cell structures
• What are the key identifying features of animal cells vs plant cells?

  • Animal cells: centrioles, microvilli
  • Plant cells: cellulose cell wall, large vacuoles, chloroplasts
• How can you familiarize yourself with cell structures for exams?

  • Study photomicrographs and electron micrographs
  • Learn shapes and sizes of organelles
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  Modifies and packages proteins
• What is the role of mitochondria in cells?

  Produces ATP through respiration
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Protein synthesis
• What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?

  Contains genetic material
• What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  Synthesizes proteins
• What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  Synthesizes lipids
• What is the function of lysosomes?

  Digests waste materials
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  Regulates entry and exit of substances
• What is the function of the cytoplasm?

  Site of metabolic processes
• What is the role of the nucleolus?

  Produces ribosomal RNA
• What is the function of chromatin?

  Packages DNA in the nucleus
• What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

  Protects the nucleus
• What is the function of the vacuole in plant cells?

  Stores cell sap
• What is the function of the tonoplast?

  Surrounds the vacuole
• What is the function of the middle lamella?

  Acts as a glue between plant cells
• What is the function of plasmodesmata?

  Allows communication between plant cells
• What is the function of microtubules?

  Provides structural support
• What is the function of the Golgi vesicle?

  Transports materials within the cell
• What is the function of the Golgi body?

  Modifies and sorts proteins
• What is the function of the cell wall?

  Provides structure and support
• What is the function of chloroplasts?

  Conducts photosynthesis
• What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

  Controls movement of substances
• What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

  Maintains cell shape and structure
• What is the function of the extracellular matrix?

  Provides support to surrounding cells
• What is the function of cilia?

  Moves substances across cell surfaces
• What is the function of flagella?

  Facilitates movement of cells
• What is the function of the basal body?

  Anchors cilia and flagella
• What is the function of the basal lamina?

  Supports epithelial cells