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Cards (232)
What is menorrhagia commonly referred to as?
Heavy periods
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How is menorrhagia traditionally defined?
Excessive blood loss of
80mL
or more
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What is the most common cause of menorrhagia?
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
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What percentage of menorrhagia cases are due to dysfunctional uterine bleeding?
50%
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What are some other causes of menorrhagia?
Fibroids
,
endometriosis
,
adenomyosis
,
PID
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What investigations are recommended for menorrhagia?
FBC
and
TVUS
scan
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What is the first line management for menorrhagia?
Mirena IUS
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What is a short-term option to stop heavy menstrual bleeding?
Norethisterone
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What is oligomenorrhoea commonly referred to as?
Irregular
or
infrequent
heavy periods
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What does dysmenorrhoea refer to?
Painful
periods
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What is the most common cause of oligomenorrhoea?
PCOS
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What are some causes of dysmenorrhoea?
Primary dysmenorrhoea
,
endometriosis
,
fibroids
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What does amenorrhoea mean?
Absence of
periods
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What are some causes of amenorrhoea?
Pregnancy
,
menopause
,
endocrine disorders
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What is intermenstrual bleeding also known as?
Metorrhagia
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What are some causes of intermenstrual bleeding?
Cervical polyps
,
ectropion
,
carcinoma
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What is post-coital bleeding?
Bleeding
after
sexual
intercourse
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What are some causes of post-coital bleeding?
Cervical trauma
,
ectropion
,
carcinoma
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What is post-menopausal bleeding?
Bleeding occurring >
1 year
after
last
period
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What is the most common cause of post-menopausal bleeding?
Vaginal
atrophy
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What is the recommended action for women >55 with post-menopausal bleeding?
2ww for
TVUS
scan for
endometrial
cancer
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What occurs during the follicular phase of menstruation?
Follicular maturation
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What occurs during the luteal phase of menstruation?
Formation of
corpus luteum
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What does the hypothalamus produce to regulate menstruation?
GnRH
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What does FSH stimulate in the ovaries?
Follicular maturation of primary
follicles
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What effect does oestrogen have in the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle?
Negative feedback on
APG
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What happens after 10 days of rising oestrogen levels?
Positive feedback stimulates
LH
release
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When does LH peak during the menstrual cycle?
Day 14
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What triggers ovulation?
LH
peak at
day 14
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What happens to the corpus luteum after ovulation?
It
degrades
and
releases
hormones
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What is the role of progesterone in the luteal phase?
Stimulates
endometrial
growth
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What happens when progesterone levels drop?
GnRH
levels increase, starting a new cycle
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What is the endometrial lining's fate when progesterone levels decrease?
It
sheds
, resulting in a
period
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What are uterine fibroids?
Benign
smooth muscle
tumours of the
uterus
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What percentage of women are affected by uterine fibroids?
20%
Caucasian
and
50%
black
women
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What factors promote the development of uterine fibroids?
Oestrogen
exposure
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What are the types of uterine fibroids?
Subserosal
,
intramural
,
submucosal
,
pedunculated
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What are some clinical features of uterine fibroids?
Menorrhagia
,
pelvic pain
, urinary symptoms
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How are uterine fibroids diagnosed?
By
TVUS
scan
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What is the management for asymptomatic uterine fibroids?
No treatment needed,
monitor
size
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See all 232 cards
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