gynae

    Cards (232)

    • What is menorrhagia commonly referred to as?
      Heavy periods
    • How is menorrhagia traditionally defined?
      Excessive blood loss of 80mL or more
    • What is the most common cause of menorrhagia?
      Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
    • What percentage of menorrhagia cases are due to dysfunctional uterine bleeding?
      50%
    • What are some other causes of menorrhagia?
      Fibroids, endometriosis, adenomyosis, PID
    • What investigations are recommended for menorrhagia?
      FBC and TVUS scan
    • What is the first line management for menorrhagia?
      Mirena IUS
    • What is a short-term option to stop heavy menstrual bleeding?
      Norethisterone
    • What is oligomenorrhoea commonly referred to as?
      Irregular or infrequent heavy periods
    • What does dysmenorrhoea refer to?
      Painful periods
    • What is the most common cause of oligomenorrhoea?
      PCOS
    • What are some causes of dysmenorrhoea?
      Primary dysmenorrhoea, endometriosis, fibroids
    • What does amenorrhoea mean?
      Absence of periods
    • What are some causes of amenorrhoea?
      Pregnancy, menopause, endocrine disorders
    • What is intermenstrual bleeding also known as?
      Metorrhagia
    • What are some causes of intermenstrual bleeding?
      Cervical polyps, ectropion, carcinoma
    • What is post-coital bleeding?
      Bleeding after sexual intercourse
    • What are some causes of post-coital bleeding?
      Cervical trauma, ectropion, carcinoma
    • What is post-menopausal bleeding?
      Bleeding occurring >1 year after last period
    • What is the most common cause of post-menopausal bleeding?
      Vaginal atrophy
    • What is the recommended action for women >55 with post-menopausal bleeding?
      2ww for TVUS scan for endometrial cancer
    • What occurs during the follicular phase of menstruation?
      Follicular maturation
    • What occurs during the luteal phase of menstruation?
      Formation of corpus luteum
    • What does the hypothalamus produce to regulate menstruation?
      GnRH
    • What does FSH stimulate in the ovaries?
      Follicular maturation of primary follicles
    • What effect does oestrogen have in the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle?
      Negative feedback on APG
    • What happens after 10 days of rising oestrogen levels?
      Positive feedback stimulates LH release
    • When does LH peak during the menstrual cycle?
      Day 14
    • What triggers ovulation?
      LH peak at day 14
    • What happens to the corpus luteum after ovulation?
      It degrades and releases hormones
    • What is the role of progesterone in the luteal phase?
      Stimulates endometrial growth
    • What happens when progesterone levels drop?
      GnRH levels increase, starting a new cycle
    • What is the endometrial lining's fate when progesterone levels decrease?
      It sheds, resulting in a period
    • What are uterine fibroids?
      Benign smooth muscle tumours of the uterus
    • What percentage of women are affected by uterine fibroids?
      20% Caucasian and 50% black women
    • What factors promote the development of uterine fibroids?
      Oestrogen exposure
    • What are the types of uterine fibroids?
      Subserosal, intramural, submucosal, pedunculated
    • What are some clinical features of uterine fibroids?
      Menorrhagia, pelvic pain, urinary symptoms
    • How are uterine fibroids diagnosed?
      By TVUS scan
    • What is the management for asymptomatic uterine fibroids?
      No treatment needed, monitor size
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