Control, Punishment and Victims

• What are the two theories concerned with crime prevention and control?

  Left realism and right realism
• What do left realists focus on regarding crime?

  Societal organization and inequality
• What do right realists emphasize in their approach to crime?

  Individual choice and rational calculations
• Who proposed the situational crime prevention approach?

  Clarke
• What is the main goal of situational crime prevention according to Clarke?

  Reduce opportunities for crime
• What are the three features of situational crime prevention measures?

  • Directed at specific crimes
  • Manage the immediate environment
  • Increase effort and risks, reduce rewards
• How do target hardening measures work in crime prevention?

  They increase effort needed to commit crime
• What theory underlies situational crime prevention approaches?

  Opportunity or rational choice theory
• How does Clarke view most theories of crime?

  They offer no realistic solutions
• What example does Felson provide regarding crime opportunities?

  The Port Authority Bus Terminal in NYC
• What are the forms of displacement in crime prevention?

  • Spatial: moving elsewhere
  • Temporal: committing at a different time
  • Target: choosing a different victim
  • Tactical: using a different method
  • Functional: committing a different type of crime
• What is a criticism of situational crime prevention measures?

  They may lead to crime displacement
• What does increased social control focus on according to right realists?

  Strong social bonds in communities
• How can crime be predicted and prevented according to increased social control?

  By identifying at-risk backgrounds
• What is zero tolerance policing?

  Taking steps against all crimes
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of increased social control strategies?

  Strengths:

  • Promotes community responsibility
  • Can reduce minor offenses

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Ignores wider social causes
  • May waste resources on minor offenses
• What does Wilson and Kelling's 'broken windows' theory signify?

  Signs of disorder indicate community neglect
• What is the first strategy proposed by Wilson and Kelling to address disorder?

  Environmental improvement strategy
• What is the second strategy proposed by Wilson and Kelling?

  Zero tolerance policing strategy
• What are the aims of social and community crime prevention strategies?

  • Remove conditions leading to crime
  • Tackle root causes of offending
  • Implement long-term strategies
• What role do social reform programs play in crime prevention?

  Address social conditions like poverty
• What is surveillance in the context of crime control?

  Monitoring public behavior for control
• What does Foucault contrast in his analysis of punishment?

  Sovereign power and disciplinary power
• What is sovereign power characterized by?

  Brutal, visible punishment on the body
• What does disciplinary power seek to govern?

  The mind or 'soul'
• How does the Panopticon illustrate disciplinary power?

  Prisoners self-regulate due to surveillance
• What does Foucault argue about the prison's role in society?

  It subjects individuals to disciplinary power
• What are the criticisms of Foucault's view on punishment?

  • Shift from corporal punishment is unclear
  • Neglects expressive aspects of punishment
  • Exaggerates extent of control
• How effective are CCTV systems in preventing crime?

  They have limited effectiveness overall
• What is synoptic surveillance according to Mathiesen?

  Many watch the few in society
• What is sousveillance?

  Ordinary citizens monitoring authorities
• What do Haggerty and Ericson mean by 'surveillance assemblages'?

  Combining different surveillance technologies
• What is actuarial justice according to Feeley and Simon?

  Focus on groups and risk prevention
• How does social sorting categorize individuals?

  Based on the level of risk they pose
• What is categorical suspicion?

  Suspicion based on group membership
• What are the two main justifications for punishment?

  • Reduction: prevents future crime
  • Retribution: seeks justice for victims
• What is deterrence in the context of punishment?

  Discouraging future crime through punishment
• What is the primary goal of the discussed approach to crime prevention?

  To predict and prevent future offending
• What is the purpose of 'social sorting'?

  To categorize people by their risk level
• What does categorical suspicion refer to?

  Suspicion based on group membership