2.1

• What do light microscopes use to magnify images?

  Visible light and glass lenses
• What is the maximum resolution of light microscopes?

  ~200nm
• What is the maximum magnification of light microscopes?

  x1500
• Why can light microscopes observe living specimens?

  They use visible light, which is non-destructive
• How does the resolution of light microscopes compare to electron microscopes?

  Light microscopes have lower resolution
• What type of images does a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) provide?

  2D images
• What is the resolution of a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?

  ~0.1nm
• What is required for a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) to function?

  Thin sections of specimen
• What type of images does a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) produce?

  3D images
• Why must specimens be dead for SEM?

  It requires vacuum conditions
• What is the resolution of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?

  ~10nm
• What is the purpose of staining in microscopy?

  Increases contrast for observing structures
• Name a common stain used in microscopy.

  Methylene blue
• What is the function of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

  Contains DNA and nucleolus
• What is the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells?

  Mitochondria
• What is the structure of mitochondria?

  Double membrane with cristae and matrix
• What is the function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?

  Synthesizes and transports proteins
• What distinguishes Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) from RER?

  SER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies chemicals
• What is the role of the Golgi Apparatus?

  Modifies and packages proteins
• What do lysosomes contain?

  Digestive enzymes
• What is the site of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

  Ribosomes
• What type of ribosomes are found in eukaryotes?

  80S
• What is unique about chloroplasts?

  They are found only in plants
• What is the function of chloroplasts?

  Site of photosynthesis
• What is the structure of prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells?

  Smaller and simpler
• Do prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles?

  No
• What shape is the DNA in prokaryotic cells?

  Circular
• What are plasmids in prokaryotic cells?

  Small, circular DNA used in genetic exchange
• What is the composition of the prokaryotic cell wall?

  Peptidoglycan (murein)
• What type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells?

  70S
• What is the function of flagella in prokaryotic cells?

  Movement
• What is the purpose of the capsule in prokaryotic cells?

  Protection
• What are the steps in protein production and secretion?

  1. RER: Proteins synthesized by ribosomes and transported in vesicles.
  2. Golgi Apparatus: Proteins modified and packaged.
  3. Secretory Vesicles: Transport proteins for exocytosis.
• What is the role of the cytoskeleton in cells?

  Provides structural support and facilitates movement
• What are microfilaments made of?

  Actin
• What do microtubules form in cells?

  Spindle fibers and tracks for vesicle transport
• What is the function of intermediate filaments?

  Provide mechanical strength
• What type of light do light microscopes use?

  Visible light
• What is the maximum resolution of light microscopes?

  ~200nm
• What are the key components of the cytoskeleton and their functions?

  • Microfilaments: Aid in cell movement and division
  • Microtubules: Form spindle fibers and tracks for vesicle transport
  • Intermediate Filaments: Provide mechanical strength