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Physics
Paper 1
Radioactivity and particles
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Cards (124)
What is the structure of the nucleus in an atom?
A central nucleus made of
protons
and
neutrons
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What are protons and neutrons collectively called?
Nucleons
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What is the charge of protons?
Positive
charge
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What is the relative charge of neutrons?
Zero
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How does the mass of a proton compare to a neutron?
They have
similar
mass
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How do electrons orbit the
nucleus?
At
high
speed
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What is the charge of electrons?
Negative
charge
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How does the mass of an electron compare to a proton?
About
1,800
times smaller
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What is the relative mass of a proton?
1,800
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What is the relative mass of an electron?
1
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What determines the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom?
The
type
of
atom
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What does it mean for an atom to be electrically neutral?
It has the same number of
electrons
and
protons
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What identifies the element of an atom?
The number of
protons
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What is nuclide notation?
Describes the constituents of
nuclei
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In nuclide notation, what does X represent?
The
chemical
symbol for the
element
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In nuclide notation, what does A represent?
The
nucleon number
or
mass number
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In nuclide notation, what does Z represent?
The
atomic number
or
proton number
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What does the atomic symbol for lithium indicate?
Three
protons
in the
nucleus
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How many neutrons are in lithium?
Four
neutrons
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What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same
element
with different
neutrons
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What is the simplest element that serves as an example of isotopes?
Hydrogen
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How many main isotopes does hydrogen have?
Three
main isotopes
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What is the atomic number of hydrogen?
One
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What is the difference between carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14?
Different number of
neutrons
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What is an example of a stable isotope?
Carbon-12
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Why are isotopes more unstable?
Imbalance of
protons
and
neutrons
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What is an example of an unstable isotope?
Carbon-14
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What is background radiation?
A
small
amount
of
radiation
around us
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What are the sources of background radiation?
Natural
and
artificial
sources
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What is the primary source of background radiation?
Radon
gas in the air
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What radioactive elements are found in rocks and soil?
Uranium
and
thorium
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How does radon gas contribute to background radiation?
It comes from the decay of
uranium
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How do medical sources contribute to background radiation?
Through procedures like
x-rays
and
CT scans
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What do living plants and animals contain that contributes to background radiation?
Radioactive
elements like
carbon-14
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How do cosmic rays contribute to background radiation?
By colliding with Earth's
atmosphere
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What happens when ionizing radiation collides with an electron?
It ejects an electron, forming a
positive ion
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What is the ionizing effect of alpha radiation?
Strong due to
heavy mass
and high charge
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How does the penetrating effect of alpha radiation compare to beta and gamma radiation?
Very
short range
, stopped by
paper
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What is the average speed of alpha particles?
Up to
0.1
times the
speed of light
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What is the ionizing effect of beta radiation?
Weaker than
alpha radiation
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