Ethics principle

• What does the principle of beneficence emphasize in medical ethics?

  Acting for the good of patients
• What does non maleficence include in healthcare?

  Preventing harm and removing harmful conditions
• How is beneficence related to benevolence?

  Benevolence is acting for others' benefit
• What is the difference between ideal and obligatory beneficence?

  Ideal is voluntary; obligatory is mandatory
• What are practical applications of beneficence in healthcare?

  • Protecting rights of others
  • Preventing harm
  • Removing harmful conditions
  • Helping persons with disabilities
  • Rescuing those in danger
• What does autonomy refer to in medical ethics?

  The capacity for self-governance
• Why is respecting patient autonomy important?

  It recognizes their right to self-determination
• What is informed consent?

  Patients' understanding of procedures and risks
• What are the elements of informed consent?

  • Disclosure/Information: Comprehensive information
  • Competence/Comprehension: Patient understands information
  • Voluntariness: Consent is freely given
• What does non-maleficence mean in medical ethics?

  To do no harm
• What is the maxim associated with non-maleficence?

  Primum non nocere ("first, do no harm")
• How does non-maleficence relate to beneficence?

  Non-maleficence often overrides beneficence
• What are examples of non-maleficence in healthcare?

  • Refraining from killing
  • Avoiding pain or suffering
  • Not causing offense
  • Not depriving others of life goods
• What does justice mean in the context of medical ethics?

  Moral rightness based on ethics and fairness
• What does justice pertain to in healthcare?

  Fair allocation of resources and treatment
• What are the principles of justice in healthcare?

  • Formal Principle: Equals treated equally
  • Material Principles: Characteristics for equal treatment (need, contribution, merit, effort, equal share)
• Auto


  means self
• monos


  means rules
• Autonomy


  meaning "self-rule" or "self governance" of independent city states
• Informed consent


  also known as enlightened consent, means, any prior substantial or therapeutic and research participation
• Informed consent may be expressed into

  1. Therapeutic setting
  2. Research setting
• Disclosure/ Infromation


  extent of information given to the patient by the physician/ nurse relating to the medical procedure
• Competence/ Comprehension


  patient's level of education greatly affect one's own decision and the level of emotion to the extent revelantly possible
• 2 basic in obtaining consent

  1. written consent
  2. verbal consent
• Actual DIrective


  is an instruction that was given on the very moment that is being done by any person with normal condition
• Advance Directive


  is an issue given in anticipation of what a person might think would happen relative to his/ her health condition
• 2 forms of advance directive

  1. Living will (instructional will) will by which any competent adult direction and instruction for future care in the event that the patient involve can no longer make due to terminal or severe illness or an impending death
  2. Medical power of Attorney (Health care proxy)- a person can name a person trusted so as to act on their behalf as an agent/proxy in making health care decisions in an event of incapacity
• Paternalism


  comes from latin word "pater" mean father, describe as a principle and practice of paternal administration; government as by the father
• Placebo


  latin for "I shall please"

  is a pharmacologically inert substance that seems to produce an effect similar to what would be expected of a pharmacological active substance
• Resuscitation


  form of medical intervention done in a series of steps directed to sustain adequate circulation of oxygenated blood to vital organs while an effective heartbeat was restored
• Beneficience


  comes from the latin word "bonus" and bene "good". fic "to act or do"

  • action done for the good of the others
• Benevolence


  refers to the character, trait, or virtue of being disposes to act for the benefit of others
• Provenance


  is the attentiveness dictated by kindness to anticipate what one needs since each of us, has that inner goodness that pushes us to alleviate the pain and discomfort to others
• Ideal Beneficience 


  is benevolent act that involves going out of one's way to do good as the Good Samaritan
• Obligatory Beneficence


  is a mandatory act to do good and to give ais to those who are in need
• Maleficence


  came from latin words

  • Non "not"
  • Malos "bad/evil"
  • faceo/ fiche "do or make"
  • not to make or to do bad
• Non Maleficence


  1. Do not kill
  2. Do not cause pain or suffering to others
  3. Do not cause offense to others
  4. Do not incapacitate others
  5. Do not deprive others of the good life
• Primum non nocere


  above all/ do not harm
• Prima facie


  letting die

  1. the medical technology is useless
  2. patient have validly refused medical technology
• Justice


  came from the word "jus" to mean "right"

  • the terms fairness, desert (what is deserved) and entitlement are used by various philosophers in an attempt to explicate justice