KT2 - Opposition

• Cause of Opposition - Cultural intensity in Era of Free Trade


  Indian rebellion 1857 - In January 1857, the Royal Enfield cartridges were lubricated by cow and pig fat. Series of Christianising policies due to the 1813 Charter act which allowed missionaries, e.g. John Jennings
• Cause of Opposition - Cultural intensity in Era of Formal Empire


  Egypt 1881 - In 1881 Britain, through governor Charles Gordon attempts to Christianise Sudan and this leads to a Mahdist ‘holy war’ uprising (1881-1899)
• Cause of Opposition - Cultural intensity in Era of Decolonisation

  Nigeria - Composition was artificial and opposition was ethnically divided. The Igbo NCNC, Yoruba Action Group and the Hausa Northern People’s groups competed, forcing 3 separate constitutions to be drawn between 1946-54 - the first constitution was named after Oliver Lyttelton (colonial minister)
• Cause of opposition - Political in Era of Free Trade


  Jamaica - Morant Bay Rebellion 1865 - General political mistrust, triggered when protestors marched to courthouse demanding justice but 7 protesters were killed
• Cause of opposition - Political in Era of Formal Empire

  Ireland 1914-1931 ‘Easter rising’ - Protests against the Home Rule bill (which would have provided dominion status to Ireland) by Protestants in Ulster. Violent clashes ensued and Sinn Fienn called for full independence.
• Cause of opposition - Political in Era of Decolonisation


  Malay States 1945-52 - Malay Nationalist organisation,

  UMNO, focused on political Independence Malayan

  Communist Party (MCP) called for revolution.
• Cause of opposition - Economic in Era of Free Trade


  Bantus 1867 - British greed after the discovery of diamonds near Kimberly, 2000 annexed Griquals tried to

  establish a new territory of East Griqualand.
• Cause of opposition - Economic in Era of Formal Empire

  Sierra Leone 1898 - Governor Cardew introduced a ‘hut tax’ on dwellings and forced the chiefs to organise villagers to maintain roads, rebellion ensued.
• Cause of opposition - Economic in Era of Decolonisation

  Kenya 1955 - The native ground coffee rules in 1934 were sets of regulation that prevented Kenyans from growing coffee beans without a permit and they earned ⅕ of what white workers did
• Nature of Opposition - Methods in Era of Free Trade

  Pasha’s uprising - Due to pressure, Arabi Pasha’s army supporters were appointed to Kehdive Tefwik’s government with anti-western stances. They encouraged localised violence which claimed the lives of 50 in Alexandria June 1882
• Nature of Opposition - Methods in Era of Formal Empire

  Irish Independence 1916 - In 1916, Sinn Feinn organised the unsuccessful Easter Rising using Guerrilla Warfare, led by the IRA 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty established Ireland as a free state
• Nature of Opposition - Methods in Era of Decolonisation

  Malay States -UMNO offered a positive programme of action (extending primary schooling.) Militant groups like MCP attacked farms, police stations, transport. In 1951, Sir Henry Gurney, the High Commissioner, was assassinated by guerrillas
• Nature of Opposition - Support in Era of Free Trade

  Jamaica  - Morant Bay Rebellion 1865 Regional with hundreds or farmers protesting, they marched 45 miles to the local courthouse
• Nature of Opposition - Support in Era of Formal Empire

  Second Boer War 1899-1902 - Kaiser Wilhelm II supported the Boers in a speech and 550 Germans served in a “German League” with the Boers
• Nature of Opposition - Support in Era of Decolonisation

  Malay States - UMNO had a mass base of support but could not entirely reconcile the racially divided peninsula Militant groups provoked the ‘Malayan

  Emergency’, taking 5 years to defeat the insurrection
• Nature of Opposition - Leader in Era of Free Trade

  Indian rebellion 1857 - Nana Saheb: The refusal of his £80,000 pension led him to join the Indian rebellion at Kanpur. Disagreed with Bahadur Shah over the future of India.
• Nature of Opposition - Leaders in Era of Formal Empire

  Quit India Movement 1942 - Mahatma Gandhi: Trained as a lawyer in India and reconciled with European democratic principles. Shed English clothing and led the salt march (24 days of direct action against taxation)
• Nature of Opposition - Leaders in Era of Decolonisation

  Ghana - Nkrumah was educated in a Catholic mission school, he was a Marxist who organised a Pan-African conference in Manchester 1945. He was PM between 1953- 57, leading Ghana
• Outcome of Opposition - Asia in Era of Free Trade

  Indian rebellion 1857 - ‘Remember Cawnpore’ becomes a war cry and Indian rebels were forced to lick up blood with their tongues, they were also sewn into pig skins and fired out of cannons -Led to the 1858 Government of India act
• Outcome of Opposition - Asia in Era of Formal Empire

  Amritsar Massacre 1919 - Protests against the 1919 Government of India Act (which failed to meet demands) led to Commander Dyer opening fire on crowds protecting two nationalists from arrest. National congress said the death toll was 1000 and Britain had lost moral authority
• Outcome of Opposition - Asia in Era of Decolonisation

  Malay States - Full independence in 1957. 

  Militant groups provoked the ‘Malayan Emergency’, taking 5 years to defeat the insurrection.
• Outcome of Opposition - Africa/Caribbean in Era of Free Trade

  Jamaica - Morant Bay Rebellion 1865: 400 people were killed, 1000 houses were burnt down and destroyed
• Outcome of Opposition - Africa/Caribbean in Era of Formal Empire

  Second Boer War 1899-1902 - 110,000 Boers were incarcerated in concentration camps and Alfred Milner (high commissioner) pursued vigorous anti-Boer policy
• Outcome of Opposition - Africa/Caribbean in Era of Decolonisation

  Mau Mau rebellion 1955 - In 1959 Hola Camp saw 11 people clubbed to death in comparison to 32 white settlers
• Outcome of Opposition - Arab region in Era of Free Trade

  Egypt  - Pasha Revolt failed to end British influence in Egypt, British claims to the Suez Canal and ultimately the creation of a ‘veiled protectorate’ in Egypt. Britain used the 1885 convention of London to secure informal control over Egypt via loans
• Outcome of Opposition - Arab region in Era of Formal Empire

  Sudan 1899 - It took 30 years for Britain to subdue the Sudanese risings and 33 punitive expeditions were used. Sudan became a veiled protectorate in 1899
• Outcome of Opposition - Arab region in Era of Decolonisation

  Arab Revolt 1936 - 375 arabs were killed and it was brutally suppressed with the assistance of 15,000 zionists and 20,000 British soldiers
• Rise of nationalism - India & Gandhi in Era of Free Trade

  Mahatma Gandhi, studied law in London and worked as a lawyer in South Africa. His Salt March in 1930 gained global attention, and the Quit India campaign in 1942 pushed for independence. In 1947, India & Pakistan gained independence.
• Rise of nationalism - Kenya & Kenyatta in Era of Decolonisation

  Jomo Kenyatta, studied at LSE in the 1930s. He led the Kenya African Union in 1947, advocating for independence and land rights. Arrested in 1952 for false charges, Kenyatta was released in 1961. Kenya gained independence in 1963, with Kenyatta as its first Prime Minister.
• Rise of nationalism - Nkrumah & Ghana in Era of Formal Empire

  Kwame Nkrumah, studied in the USA and was influenced by Pan-Africanism. After working with the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), he formed the Convention People’s Party in 1949, advocating for immediate independence. Nkrumah became Ghana’s Prime Minister in 1957 and its President in 1960.