C9 - crude oil + fuel

• What are hydrocarbons made up of?

  Hydrogen and carbon only
• What type of resource is crude oil?

  Non-renewable resource, a fossil fuel
• What is crude oil composed of?

  A mixture of long- and short-chain hydrocarbons
• What are the main compounds in crude oil called?

  Alkanes
• What is a homologous series?

  A family of hydrocarbons with similar properties
• What is the general formula for an alkane?

  C_nH_2n+2
• How do alkanes differ from neighboring alkanes?

  By the addition of a CH₂ group
• What does it mean for alkanes to be saturated hydrocarbons?

  All their bonds are taken up
• How do the physical properties of alkanes vary?

  Due to differences in chain length
• What is the trend in boiling points of hydrocarbons?

  The longer the chain, the higher the boiling point
• What are the first four alkanes?

  Methane, ethane, propane, butane
• What mnemonic helps remember the order of alkanes?

  • Mice eat paper bags
• What occurs during complete combustion?

  Enough oxygen allows fuel to burn completely
• What are the products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• What occurs during incomplete combustion?

  Not enough oxygen for complete burning
• What are the products of incomplete combustion?

  Water and carbon monoxide
• What is fractional distillation used for?

  • To separate long-chain hydrocarbons into smaller fractions
  • Based on different boiling points

  
• Why do hydrocarbons have different boiling points?

  Due to their chain length
• What is the purpose of a fractioning column?

  To separate hydrocarbons by boiling point
• How does temperature change in a fractioning column?

  Hot at the bottom, cooler at the top
• Where are short-chain hydrocarbons found in the fractioning column?

  At the top of the column
• Why do short-chain hydrocarbons leave the column as gas?

  They have low boiling points
• Where are long-chain hydrocarbons found in the fractioning column?

  At the bottom of the column
• Why do long-chain hydrocarbons have high boiling points?

  They are held by strong intermolecular forces
• What is cracking in organic chemistry?

  Breaking down long-chain hydrocarbons

  
• What type of reaction is cracking?

  Thermal decomposition reaction
• What are the two methods of cracking?

  Catalytic cracking and steam cracking
• What is catalytic cracking?

  Heating hydrocarbons with a catalyst
• What temperature is used in catalytic cracking?

  550˚C
• What does cracking produce?

  A short-chain alkane and an alkene

  
• What happens when bromine is added to an alkane?

  It remains brown/orange

  
• Why does bromine change color when added to an alkene?

  Alkenes are unsaturated and react

  
• What are the uses of alkenes in everyday life?

  • Produce plastics like poly(ethene)
  • Used in making strong plastics like poly(propene)
• How does chain length affect boiling point?

  As chain length increases, boiling point increases
• What is viscosity?

  How easily a substance can flow
• What is flammability?

  How easily a substance burns
• What is the general formula for an alkene?

  C_nH_2n
• What are alkenes classified as?

  Unsaturated hydrocarbons
• What happens to the double bond in alkenes during a reaction?

  The double bond can break to bond with other molecules
• What suffix do alkenes have?

  ‘ene’