Renal & urinary

• What is the primary function of the renal system?

  To filter blood and produce urine
• What is the hilum of the kidneys?

  Entry point for ureter and blood vessels
• What surrounds the kidneys for support?

  Renal capsule, adipose capsule, Gerota's fascia
• How does the renal capsule protect the kidneys?

  Prevents infections from spreading to kidneys
• What is the blood supply to the kidneys?

  Renal artery branches
• What happens if there is trauma to a renal artery branch?

  Ischaemia and necrosis of renal parenchyma
• What are the two main parts of the kidney's internal anatomy?

  Renal cortex and renal medulla
• What are renal pyramids made of?

  Parallel bundles of urine-collecting tubules
• How long are the ureters?

  Approximately 30 cm
• What type of epithelium lines the ureters?

  Transitional epithelium
• What is the clinical significance of ureteric constrictions?

  Common sites for kidney stones to lodge
• What is hydronephrosis?

  Dilatation of renal pelvis and calyces
• What is the Weigert-Meyer Rule?

  Describes duplex collecting systems in kidneys
• What is the function of the detrusor muscle in the bladder?

  Contracts to expel urine
• What is the typical capacity of an adult bladder?

  150-600 ml of urine
• What is the male urethra's relationship to the prostate gland?

  It runs through the prostate gland
• What is the clinical significance of the pubovesical ligament?

  Can contribute to stress incontinence
• How does the anatomy of the female urethra differ from the male urethra?

  Female urethra is shorter, about 4 cm
• What are the key structures of the renal system?

  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
• What are the supportive tissues surrounding the kidneys?

  • Renal capsule
  • Adipose capsule
  • Gerota's fascia
• What are the common causes of hydronephrosis?

  • Kidney stones
  • Enlarged prostate
  • Pregnancy
  • Cancer of the cervix
• What are the differences in bladder anatomy between males and females?

  • Males have a longer urethra
  • Females have a shorter urethra
  • Males have a prostate gland
• What is the blood supply to the bladder?

  • Superior vesical arteries
  • Inferior vesical arteries
  • Branches from the internal iliac artery
• What are the clinical implications of the prostate gland's location?

  • Can cause urinary difficulties
  • Can be palpated during rectal examination
  • Affected by benign prostatic hypertrophy
• What is the role of the seminal vesicles in male anatomy?

  • Produce 70% of seminal fluid
  • Combine with vas deferens to form ejaculatory ducts
• What are the implications of the renal plexus in pain perception?

  • Afferent fibers enter T10-12
  • Causes referred pain to lumbar region
• What is the significance of the trigone in the bladder?

  • Prevents reflux of urine
  • Contains ureteric orifices
• What are the potential complications of kidney defects?

  • Upper pole obstruction
  • Reflux disease
  • Calculi formation
• What is the function of the internal urethral orifice?

  • Allows urine to exit the bladder
  • Controlled by the internal sphincter in males