disease of endocrine system

• What is the main function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

  Increase blood calcium levels
• What hormone is the main antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

  Calcitonin
• What is the role of insulin?

  • Regulates glucose homeostasis
  • Promotes glucose uptake and storage
  • Acts on liver, muscle, and fat cells
• How does insulin trigger glucose uptake?

  By binding to surface receptors
• What type of hormone is insulin?

  Hydrophilic hormone
• What condition is linked to insulin resistance?

  Type 2 diabetes
• What is the functional unit of the endocrine pancreas?

  Islet of Langerhans
• What do β-cells produce?

  Insulin and amylin
• What is the function of α-cells?

  Produce glucagon
• What does somatostatin do?

  Stops insulin and glucagon release
• What are the effects of glucagon?

  • Raises blood sugar levels
  • Stimulates gluconeogenesis
  • Promotes glycogenolysis
• What is hyperinsulinism?

  Excessive insulin production or activity
• What can cause congenital hyperinsulinism?

  Genetic factors
• What triggers insulin release?

  Higher blood sugar levels
• What role do incretins play in insulin release?

  Boost insulin after eating
• What happens to blood sugar levels when glucagon is released?

  They increase
• What is Type 1 Diabetes?

  Destruction of beta cells in pancreas
• What characterizes Type 2 Diabetes?

  Insulin resistance and impaired secretion
• What is insulin resistance?

  Failure of insulin to trigger effects
• What are the characteristics of insulin resistance?

  High blood glucose and insulin levels
• What are the complications of diabetes?

  • Heart disease and stroke
  • Nerve damage (neuropathy)
  • Eye problems (retinopathy)
  • Kidney disease
  • Sexual dysfunction
  • Pregnancy issues
• What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

  • T4 (Thyroxine)
  • T3 (Triiodothyronine)
  • Calcitonin
• What is the function of T3 and T4 hormones?

  Regulate energy use and metabolism
• What essential element is required to produce thyroid hormones?

  Iodine
• What do parafollicular cells produce?

  Calcitonin
• What is the effect of calcitonin?

  Lowers blood calcium levels
• How do thyroid hormones affect metabolism?

  Increase breakdown and use of nutrients
• What is the calorigenic effect?

  Boosts oxygen use and heat production
• How do thyroid hormones support growth?

  Enhance growth hormone production
• Where is the thyroid gland located?

  Front of the neck above the trachea
• What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

  Increases blood calcium levels
• What is the function of calcitonin?

  Reduces calcium release from bones
• What is the relationship between insulin and glucagon?

  Insulin lowers blood sugar; glucagon raises it
• What is the impact of somatostatin on insulin and glucagon?

  Inhibits both insulin and glucagon release
• What is the effect of glucagon on the liver?

  Breaks down glycogen into glucose
• What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in insulin secretion?

  Influences insulin secretion based on needs
• What happens to insulin levels after a protein-rich meal?

  Insulin levels increase
• What is the significance of the diabetes epidemic?

  Over 400 million expected to have diabetes by 2045
• What are the risks associated with diabetes?

  Higher risk of heart disease and stroke
• What is the role of thyroid hormones in bone development?

  Essential for bone development