finals

• What does the prefix "epi" mean?

  On or upon
• What does the prefix "demos" mean?

  People
• What does the suffix "logos" mean?

  Study of
• How is epidemiology defined?

  Study of health-related states in populations
• What is the basic science of public health?

  Epidemiology
• What is descriptive epidemiology focused on?

  Distribution of health events in populations
• What does analytical epidemiology search for?

  Causes associated with increased disease risk
• What types of health-related states are studied in epidemiology?

  Infectious diseases, chronic diseases, injuries
• What is the focus of applied or field epidemiology?

  Public health decision making and interventions
• What are the three essential components of epidemiology?

  1. Disease distribution
  2. Disease determinants
  3. Disease frequency
• What does disease distribution refer to?

  Spread of cases across different demographics
• What are disease determinants?

  Risk factors associated with disease appearance
• What does disease frequency measure?

  Number of cases over a given time period
• What are the two main areas of investigation in epidemiology?

  Distribution of health status and causal factors
• What factors contribute to disease causation in epidemiology?

  Agent, host, and environment interactions
• What are the theories of disease causation?

  1. Spirits
  2. Filth Theory
  3. "Bad air"
  4. Germ or Bacteriological Theory
  5. Concept of Multiple causation
• What does the Spirits theory attribute disease to?

  Evil spirits causing illness
• What does the Filth Theory associate disease with?

  Physical environment and sanitation
• What was believed to cause fever in the "Bad air" theory?

  Contaminated air causing illness
• What does the Germ or Bacteriological Theory state?

  Microscopic life causes disease
• What does the Concept of Multiple causation suggest?

  Interaction of multiple factors causes disease
• What is an agent in the context of disease?

  Element that initiates or perpetuates disease
• What are the types of agents of disease?

  Living, non-living, physical, and chemical
• What are the characteristics of agents of disease?

  Inherent, environmental, and human-related traits
• What does infectivity measure?

  Ability to access and multiply in host
• What does pathogenicity measure?

  Ability to cause specific reactions in host
• What does antigenicity measure?

  Ability to stimulate antibody production
• What does virulence refer to?

  Severity of reaction produced by agent
• What is direct transmission?

  Immediate transfer of infectious agent
• What are the modes of transmission of disease?

  1. Direct transmission
  2. Indirect transmission

  • Vehicle-borne
  • Vector-borne

  1. Airborne transmission
• What is vehicle-borne transmission?

  Transfer via contaminated inanimate objects
• What is vector-borne transmission?

  Transfer from living organisms like insects
• What is airborne transmission?

  Dissemination of microbial aerosols
• What are host factors of disease?

  Age, sex, race, and habits
• What is immunity?

  Property to protect from infectious agents
• What are the two types of immunity?

  1. Non-specific resistance
  2. Specific resistance
• What is non-specific resistance?

  Resistance present at birth or maturation
• What is specific resistance?

  Resistance acquired from prior exposure
• What are non-specific defense mechanisms?

  • Skin
  • Mucosal surfaces
  • Tears
  • Saliva
  • Gastric acid
  • Phagocytes & macrophages
• What are the types of specific resistance?

  1. Active immunity

  • Naturally acquired
  • Artificially acquired

  1. Passive immunity

  • Naturally acquired
  • Artificially acquired