AO1

• Who conducted the study into attachment figures in Glasgow?

  Schaffer and Emerson
• What did Schaffer suggest about the stages of attachment?

  There are 4 stages in early childhood
• What are the four stages of attachment according to Schaffer?

  1. Asocial
  2. Indiscriminate attachment
  3. Specific attachment
  4. Multiple attachment
• What is the age range for the asocial stage of attachment?

  0-6 weeks
• How do very young infants respond during the asocial stage?

  They react positively to various stimuli
• What is the age range for the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  6 weeks - 7 months
• What behavior do infants exhibit during the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  They enjoy human company and get upset when ignored
• What is the age range for the specific attachment stage?

  7 months - 9 months
• What indicates that a baby has formed a specific attachment?

  Protest when separated from one individual
• What is the age range for the multiple attachment stage?

  10 months onward
• What happens during the multiple attachment stage?

  Children begin to attach to multiple adults
• What are the characteristics of the asocial stage?

  • Recognizing and forming bonds with caregivers
  • Similar behavior towards humans and objects
  • Preference for familiar adults
• What are the characteristics of the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  • Observable social behavior increases
  • Preference for people over objects
  • No separation or stranger anxiety
• What are the characteristics of the specific attachment stage?

  • Anxiety towards strangers
  • Protest when separated from a primary caregiver
  • Primary attachment figure is usually the biological mother
• What are the characteristics of the multiple attachment stage?

  • Attachment behavior extends to multiple adults
  • Secondary attachments formed with regular caregivers
• What was the aim of Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  To investigate early attachment formation
• How many babies participated in Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  60 babies
• What was the gender distribution of the babies in the study?

  31 male and 29 female
• What method did the researchers use to assess attachment?

  Questions about separation anxiety and stranger anxiety
• At what age did about 50% of babies show specific attachment?

  Between 25 and 32 weeks
• What was found about the caregiver's role in attachment?

  Most interactive and sensitive caregivers formed attachments
• By 40 weeks, what percentage of babies had a specific attachment?

  80%
• What percentage of babies displayed multiple attachments by 40 weeks?

  Almost 30%
• What were the key findings of Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  • 50% of babies showed specific attachment by 25-32 weeks
  • 80% had specific attachment by 40 weeks
  • Almost 30% displayed multiple attachments by 40 weeks
• What type of families were the majority of babies from in the study?

  Skilled working-class families
• How often were the babies and their mothers visited during the study?

  Every month for the first year
• What was one measure of separation anxiety used in the study?

  Protests during everyday separations
• What was assessed to measure stranger anxiety?

  Infant’s anxiety response to unfamiliar adults