5.5 Technology

• What was increasingly important economically during the Industrial Revolution?

  The Industrial Revolution
• How did Ralph Waldo Emerson initially view the innovations of the industrial age?

  As a delightful way to mold nature
• What powered railroads, ships, and factories during the Industrial Revolution?

  The steam engine and internal combustion engine
• What did the steam engine increase access to during the Industrial Revolution?

  Resources and distribution of goods
• What was the second industrial revolution known for?

  Chemicals, steel, precision machinery, and electronics
• What did electrification lead to in cities during the second industrial revolution?

  Street lighting and electric street trains
• What new power source benefitted the machinery of the Industrial Revolution?

  Coal power
• Who made a version of the steam engine in 1765 that harnessed coal power?

  James Watt
• How did steam-powered ships revolutionize sailing?

  They made energy production mobile and dependable
• What was the speed of steam-powered ships traveling upstream on rivers?

  Up to five miles per hour
• What became important refueling points for steam-powered ships?

  Coaling stations at trade routes
• What was the first steam-powered ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean?

  The SS Savannah
• What did coal enable in terms of iron production?

  The mass production of iron
• What refined form of coal was introduced to increase iron production?

  Coke
• Who patented the process for making wrought iron in 1794?

  Henry Cort
• What was the Bessemer Process used for?

  Mass production of steel
• What is steel an alloy of?

  Iron and carbon
• What was the first important product from petroleum in the mid-1800s?

  Kerosene
• What did the development of electricity lead to in the 1890s?

  Street lighting and electric street trains
• Who issued the patent for the telephone in 1876?

  Alexander Graham Bell
• What did Thomas Edison's design improve in telephone systems?

  The quality of voice transmission
• Who was able to send and receive a radio signal across the Atlantic Ocean in 1901?

  Gugliemo Marconi
• What did the telegraph allow for in terms of communication?

  Immediate communication
• How did railroads and steamships impact global trade and migration?

  They facilitated exploration and communication
• What natural resources contributed to the development of the United States as an industrial nation?

  Timber, coal, iron, and oil
• What was a driving force for industrialization both domestically and abroad?

  The desire for capital
• How did industrialized countries protect their access to resources and markets?

  By establishing colonies
• How did railroads and steamships change trade and migration patterns compared to earlier times?

  They opened up interior regions for exploration
• What were the key innovations of the first and second industrial revolutions?

  First Industrial Revolution:

  • Textiles
  • Steam power
  • Iron

  
  

  Second Industrial Revolution:

  • Steel
  • Chemicals
  • Precision machinery
  • Electronics
• How did the development of transportation and communication technologies impact global trade?

  • Facilitated exploration and development
  • Allowed immediate communication
  • Linked farmers, miners, manufacturers, customers, and investors globally
• What is a key resource mentioned in the environment theme?

  Coal
• What are coaling stations used for?

  Refueling ships with coal
• Who invented the telephone?

  Alexander Graham Bell
• Who is known for the invention of the radio?

  Gugliemo Marconi
• What is the significance of the Transcontinental Railroad?

  It connected the east and west coasts
• What invention is James Watt known for improving?

  Steam engine
• What material is associated with the industrial economy theme?

  Steel
• What is a key resource in the economy theme?

  Oil
• What does the term 'capital' refer to in an economic context?

  Financial assets for investment
• What major societal change is associated with the second industrial revolution?

  Advancements in technology and industry