A03

• Point: One limitation of research into the role of fathers is the lack of clarity over the question being asked.

  Evidence: Some researchers focus on fathers as secondary attachment figures, while others examine fathers as primary attachment figures.

  Explain: This complexity makes it challenging as primary figure fathers are seen as taking on a maternal role whereas secondary figure fathers are described as having a different role. 

  Link: Therefore, this suggests that the specific role being discussed must be clarified for meaningful research outcomes.
• Point: A further limitation is that findings vary depending on the methodology used.

  Evidence: Longitudinal studies highlight the importance of fathers as secondary attachment figures with the role they play in a child’s development through play and stimulation. 

  Explain:Yet studies on children from single-mother or lesbian-parent families show no developmental differences.

  Link: Hence, this inconsistency leaves the question of whether fathers have a distinctive role unanswered.
• Point: However, these contradictory research may not be in conflict after all.

  Evidence: Fathers in traditional families may have distinct roles, but single-mother or lesbian-parent families may adapt to fill the father's role.

  Explain: This suggests that fathers tend to adopt unique roles when present, but families can adjust when fathers are absent.

  Link: Thus, the question of a distinctive role for fathers may depend on family structure rather than inherent differences.
• Point: One strength of research into the role of the father is its applicability in offering advice to parents.

  Evidence: Research outcomes can reassure parents about shared caregiving responsibilities, as fathers are also able to fulfil primary attachment roles like mother.

  Explain: This empowers parents to make informed decisions about childcare roles, irrespective of traditional gender norms.

  Link: Therefore, research on the father's role can alleviate parental concerns and promote more equitable caregiving arrangements.