A03

• P: A strength of Bem's work is that androgyny is measured quantitatively.

  E: Bem's numerical approach is useful for research purposes when it is necessary to quantify a dependent variable, but qualitative methods might provide a better way to analyse the complexities of gender.

  E: Combining different scales, e.g. the Personal Attribute Questionnaire (PAQ), which adds dimensions of instrumentality + expressivity can be beneficial.

  L: => that both quantitative and qualitative approaches may be useful for studying different aspects of androgyny, offering a more comprehensive understanding.
• Point: Another strength of the BSRI is that it appeared to be a valid and reliable way of measuring androgyny when it was developed.

  Evidence: For example, BSRI was piloted with over 1000 students, whose responses corresponded with their self-descriptions of gender identity, demonstrating validity. 

  Explain: In addition, a follow-up study with a smaller sample showed similar scores a month later, demonstrating test-retest reliability.

  Link: => that the BSRI was both a valid and reliable tool for measuring androgyny at the time of its development.
• Point: One limitation of the BSRI is that it may lack temporal validity and generalizability.

  Evidence: For example, the BSRI was developed over 40 years ago and ideas about what is considered 'typical' and 'acceptable' in relation to gender have changed significantly since then. 

  Explain: Additionally, the scale was devised using participants all from the United States so ideas of male and female traits may not be the same in other cultures.

  Link: => that the BSRI may not be a suitable measure of gender identity today, as it is based on a specific culture and is outdated.
• Point: One limitation of the BSRI is that people may not have insight into their degree of masculinity, femininity, or androgyny.

  Evidence: Asking people to rate themselves on a questionnaire relies on their understanding of their own personality and behaviour, which they may not necessarily have. 

  Explain: In addition, the subjective nature of the questionnaire's scoring system can lead to varied applications of the 7-point scale among different individuals.

  Link: => that the BSRI may not be an objective, scientific way of assessing masculinity, femininity, or androgyny.