Biomolecules

• What are lipids known for in terms of solubility?

  They don't dissolve in water
• Where can you obtain lipids from?

  Bacon, oil, chocolate, cheese, milk
• What is one primary use of lipids in the body?

  They provide a dense form of energy
• How do lipids contribute to insulation?


  They make the body more resistant to temperature
• What role do lipids play in cell membranes?

  They form phospholipids in cell membranes
• What elements do lipids primarily contain?

  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• What is the proportion of hydrogen to oxygen in lipids?

  Higher proportion of hydrogen, lower proportion of oxygen
• Where are lipids stored in the body?

  In adipose tissue
• What is one function of adipose tissue?

  It provides heat insulation
• How does adipose tissue protect organs?

  It surrounds delicate organs like kidneys
• What is the structure of triglycerides?

  • Composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains
  • Glycerol is an alcohol with formula C$_3$H$_8$O$_3$
  • Contains three hydroxyl (OH) groups
• What is the formula for glycerol?

  C$_3$H$_8$O$_3$
• What type of groups does glycerol contain?

  Three hydroxyl (OH) groups
• Lipids are stored in 2 places: adipose tissue and the brain
• heat insulation- adipose tissue under skin helps reduce heat loss
• protection- adipose tissue around delicate organs like kidneys
• What is the structure of a phospholipid bilayer?

  Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads
• How do hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads interact with water?

  Hydrophobic tails avoid water, heads attract it
• What are the main components of carbohydrates?

  • Sugars
  • Starch
• What role do carbohydrates play in plants?

  Energy sources and structural materials
• What is a monomer?

  A single molecule
• What is a polymer?

  A chain of monomers
• What occurs during a condensation reaction?

  Bonds are made and water is low
• What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

  All carbohydrates are CH₂O
• What is the molecular formula for glucose?

  C₆H₁₂O₆
• What type of sugar is glucose classified as?

  Hexosugar
• Where is glucose commonly found?

  In fruit
• What are the three main groups of carbohydrates?

  1. Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose)
  2. Disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, maltose, lactose)
  3. Polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen)
• What is the solubility of fructose?

  Fructose is soluble
• How does the solubility of glucose compare to fructose?

  Glucose is less soluble than fructose
• What is a triglyceride composed of?

  Glycerol and fatty acid tails
• How are triglycerides formed?

  By attaching glycerol and fatty acids using condensation reactions
• What type of bonds are formed in triglycerides?

  Ester bonds
• What characteristic do fatty acid tails have?

  They are hydrophobic and do not like water
• What are phospholipids composed of?

  Glycerol, phosphate, and two fatty acid tails
• What is the nature of the phosphate group in phospholipids?

  It is hydrophilic and likes water
• How do phospholipids arrange themselves in water?

  They form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads outside
• Why do phospholipids arrange in a bilayer?

  To avoid water with their hydrophobic tails
• What is the environment inside a cell that affects phospholipid arrangement?

  The cytoplasm, which contains water
• What is diffusion in the context of cellular processes?

  The movement of molecules from high to low concentration