Lecture 03

Cards (60)

  • What are the growth and death kinetics of bacteria?
    They describe how bacteria grow and die
  • What are the different growth requirements of bacteria?
    They vary based on nutrient and environmental needs
  • What are some strategies used to preserve pharmaceutical products?
    Methods include refrigeration and sterilisation
  • What is an example of a gram-positive bacterium?
    Staphylococcus aureus
  • What is an example of a gram-negative bacterium?
    Escherichia coli
  • What is an example of a virus?
    Influenza
  • What is an example of a parasite?
    Ascaris lumbricoides
  • What is an example of a fungus?
    Aspergillus fumigatus
  • What type of cells are bacteria?
    Prokaryotic cells
  • How are bacteria mainly characterised in terms of cellular structure?
    They are mainly unicellular
  • What does the binomial system of naming bacteria consist of?
    Genus followed by species
  • What is the binomial name for Bacillus subtilis?
    1. subtilis
  • What is the binomial name for Escherichia coli?
    1. coli
  • What are the shapes of bacteria?
    Cocci, rods, and spirilla
  • What is the arrangement of cocci bacteria?
    They can be in chains or clusters
  • What is an example of cocci bacteria in chains?
    Streptococci
  • What is an example of cocci bacteria in clusters?
    Staphylococci
  • What is an example of cocci bacteria in pairs?
    Diplococci
  • What is an example of bacteria that form packets?
    Sarcina
  • What is an example of rod-shaped bacteria?
    Bacillus sp
  • What is the impact of contamination?
    It can lead to health risks and product spoilage
  • How can we know contamination happens?
    Through testing and observation of changes
  • What are the implications of contamination?
    Health risks and compromised product integrity
  • How can we prevent contamination?
    By maintaining cleanliness and proper storage
  • How are bacteria classified based on Gram staining?
    Gram positive and Gram negative
  • What characterises Gram-positive bacteria?
    Thick peptidoglycan layer
  • What characterises Gram-negative bacteria?
    Thin peptidoglycan layer
  • Why do bacteria stain differently with Gram stain?
    Due to differences in cell wall structure
  • What type of bacteria do not stain with Gram stain?
    Atypical bacteria
  • What is an example of a colorless bacterium?
    Mycobacteria
  • What is an example of a bacterium with no cell wall?
    Mycoplasma
  • What are endospores?
    Highly resistant dormant cells formed by some bacteria
  • What conditions can endospores survive?
    High temperature, chemicals, and desiccation
  • How are endospores destroyed?
    By autoclaving at 121°C for 15 minutes
  • How long can endospores remain dormant?
    They can stay dormant for decades
  • What triggers the activation of endospores?
    Removal of stress that initiated sporulation
  • What is the limiting nutrient in batch culture growth?
    One nutrient that restricts growth
  • What occurs during the exponential growth phase?
    Bacteria double at regular intervals
  • What is generation time in the exponential phase?
    The time it takes for a population to double
  • How do you express generation (n) in terms of time (t)?
    n = t/tD