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Microbiology
Lecture 03
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Cards (60)
What are the growth and death kinetics of bacteria?
They describe how bacteria grow and die
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What are the different growth requirements of bacteria?
They vary based on
nutrient
and
environmental needs
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What are some strategies used to preserve pharmaceutical products?
Methods include
refrigeration
and
sterilisation
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What is an example of a gram-positive bacterium?
Staphylococcus aureus
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What is an example of a gram-negative bacterium?
Escherichia coli
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What is an example of a virus?
Influenza
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What is an example of a parasite?
Ascaris lumbricoides
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What is an example of a fungus?
Aspergillus fumigatus
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What type of cells are bacteria?
Prokaryotic cells
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How are bacteria mainly characterised in terms of cellular structure?
They are mainly
unicellular
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What does the binomial system of naming bacteria consist of?
Genus
followed by
species
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What is the binomial name for Bacillus subtilis?
subtilis
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What is the binomial name for Escherichia coli?
coli
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What are the shapes of bacteria?
Cocci
,
rods
, and
spirilla
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What is the arrangement of cocci bacteria?
They can be in
chains
or
clusters
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What is an example of cocci bacteria in chains?
Streptococci
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What is an example of cocci bacteria in clusters?
Staphylococci
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What is an example of cocci bacteria in pairs?
Diplococci
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What is an example of bacteria that form packets?
Sarcina
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What is an example of rod-shaped bacteria?
Bacillus
sp
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What is the impact of contamination?
It can lead to
health risks
and
product spoilage
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How can we know contamination happens?
Through
testing
and
observation of changes
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What are the implications of contamination?
Health risks
and compromised
product
integrity
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How can we prevent contamination?
By maintaining
cleanliness
and proper
storage
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How are bacteria classified based on Gram staining?
Gram positive
and
Gram negative
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What characterises Gram-positive bacteria?
Thick
peptidoglycan layer
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What characterises Gram-negative bacteria?
Thin
peptidoglycan layer
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Why do bacteria stain differently with Gram stain?
Due to differences in
cell
wall
structure
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What type of bacteria do not stain with Gram stain?
Atypical bacteria
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What is an example of a colorless bacterium?
Mycobacteria
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What is an example of a bacterium with no cell wall?
Mycoplasma
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What are endospores?
Highly resistant dormant cells
formed by some bacteria
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What conditions can endospores survive?
High
temperature,
chemicals
, and
desiccation
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How are endospores destroyed?
By
autoclaving
at
121°C
for
15
minutes
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How long can endospores remain dormant?
They can stay dormant for
decades
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What triggers the activation of endospores?
Removal of
stress
that initiated
sporulation
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What is the limiting nutrient in batch culture growth?
One nutrient that
restricts growth
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What occurs during the exponential growth phase?
Bacteria
double
at regular intervals
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What is generation time in the exponential phase?
The time it takes for a population to
double
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How do you express generation (n) in terms of time (t)?
n =
t/tD
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